Which of these diseases causes the largest numbers of deaths each year?

1. Diarrheal diseases

2. Malaria

3. Lower respiratory infections (e.g., pneumonia)

4. Tuberculosis

 

How do you calculate “Years Lived with Disability” (YLD)?

1. Number of cases / Disability weight x Duration in years

2. Number of cases + Disability weight + Duration in years

3. Number of cases x Disability weight x Duration in years

4. Number of cases x Disability weight / Duration in years

 

Please check all the correct statements about E.coli

1. E.coli is always pathogenic.

2. E.coli is found in human and animal faeces.

3. Only pathogenic E.coli are considered to be good indicator bacteria

 

Please check all statements that are correct.

1. Cryptosporidium is one of the leading causes for diarrheal diseases among children.

2. Bacteria contain a nucleus.

3. Escherichia coli are normally not pathogenic.

4. Many viruses are host specific, causing diseases in humans or specific animals only.

 

Homework quiz 1

Question 1

According to the Bradley classification, there are four types of diseases transmitted by water: waterborne, water washed, water based and water related. Which one of these diseases is classified as water based, and why? Please select one answer.
Dracunculiasis, because the parasite that causes the disease lives part of its cycle in water.
Malaria, because the mosquitos need water to breed.
Malaria, because the mosquitos infect the water.
Dracunculiasis, because poor hygiene related to the lack of water favours its transmission.

 

Question 2

Different water-borne pathogens can cause different diseases. One of these diseases is cholera. This disease can spread quickly under poor sanitation and hygienic conditions, for instance, after a natural disaster or in refugee camps. It can cause death if not rapidly treated. This disease is…
... caused by a pathogen belonging to the class of bacteria. This pathogen is called vibrio cholerae..

... caused by a pathogen belonging to the class of viruses. This pathogen is called choleratus.
... caused by a pathogen belonging to the class of protozoa. This pathogen is called cryptocholera.
... caused by a pathogen belonging to the class of the helminths. This pathogen is called cholera worm.

 

Question 3

Escherichia coli. is considered to be a good indicator to identify faecal contamination in water. However, it is not an ideal indicator. Why is that? Please select one answer.
An ideal indicator should be easy to count. The techniques to count Escherichia coli are very complicated and expensive.
An ideal indicator should be persistent and unable to develop in the environment.
An ideal indicator should be easily eliminated by common water treatment methods.
An ideal indicator should be harmful to humans, to indicate if it can cause diseases.

 

Question 4

Among the treatment processes that we discussed are filtration and disinfection with heat, ultraviolet radiation and chlorine. Which ones are less effective if the water has a high level of turbidity, and what can you do to reduce turbidity? Please check all that are correct.

Disinfection with heat. You can use pre-filtration to reduce turbidity.

Ultraviolet radiation. You can use pre-filtration to reduce turbidity.

Disinfection with heat. You can chlorinate your water to reduce turbidity.
Chlorine. You can use pre-filtration to reduce turbidity.

 

Question 5

What are the disability adjusted life years (DALYs) for a person with a life expectancy of 84 who died at the age of 66, and who experienced blindness due to trachoma (disability weight = 0.58) for the last 10 years of her life? Hint: DALY = YLL + YLD. Please round your answer to the nearest whole number and write only the number into the answer field.
Examples of numbers rounded to nearest whole number: If the result of your calculation is 18.3, you would need to write 18. If the result of your calculation is 18.5 you would need to write 19.
Example of bad answer formats: 18 years (with words); 18.0 (with comas or points)
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Question 6

The Sustainable Development Goals include Goal 6 to “ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.” Under this goal is Target 6.1 to “achieve, by 2030, universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.” From the answer choices below, choose the currently proposed indicator, definition, and data source for monitoring progress toward access to safely managed water.

Indicator: Percentage of population using household taps or protected wells
Definition: Population using a basic drinking water source located within 1 km and with only low levels of fecal and chemical contamination
Data source: Household surveys, GPS data collection

Indicator: Percentage of population using safely managed drinking water services
Definition: Population using a basic drinking water source located on premises and available when needed; free of fecal (and priority chemical) contamination
Data source: Household surveys, water quality testing, administrative data

Indicator: Percentage of population using an improved drinking water source
Definition: Population self-reporting use of a water source that is protected from contamination, especially fecal contamination, such as a piped network or borehole with handpump.
Data source: Household surveys

Indicator: Percentage of population using a protected water source
Definition: Population using a community tap or kiosk that is professionally managed
Data source: Household surveys, water quality testing

 

Video Quiz 2

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