Only 16 periodicals were published in America before the American Revolution (1775-1783).

The number of journals for special audiences also increased, including - as in England - monthlies and weeklies for women. Godey's Lady's Book (1830-1898), for example, with its hand-colored fashion illustrations, was vastly influential in setting the style in clothing, manners, and taste. Youth's Companion (1827-1929) and later St. Nicholas (1873-1940) -  children's magazines published.

contained literary reviews, such as Graham's Magazine (1826-1858) and The Southern Literary Messenger (1834-1864)

Family magazines such as the Saturday Evening Post (1821-1969) became vastly popular with the general public.

The first modern illustrated magazines appeared during the middle and latter part of the 19^th century. The more successful included the weekly Illustrated London News (1842). Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper (1855-1922) and Harper's Weekly (1857-1916) in the United States followed suit. The last two were especially notable for their pictures of the American Civil War (1861-1865), drawn by staff artists.

Other important British periodicals of the second half of the 19^th century include the Fortnightly Review (1865-1954; humor magazine Punch (1841)

 New Yorker (1925) provides urbane commentaries on modern life, with a unique mix of cartoons, objective reporting, and short fiction by trend-setting writers.

During the 19^th century, improvements in techniques of illustration and printing resulted in lower production costs and introduced a new era of mass circulation, especially in the United States.

Harper's New Monthly Magazine (1850; later Harper's Magazine) led the revolution, with serialized fiction by popular English authors and many woodcut illustrations.

Of the unillustrated periodicals, the leading examples - both still being published - were the literary magazine The Atlantic (formerly The Atlantic Monthly, 1857), edited by eminent writers and critics, including William Dean Howells; and the political magazine The Nation (1865).

women's magazines began to dominate American periodical publishing. :

Ladies' (later Wo­man's) Home Companion (1873-1957), McCall's Magazine (1876), Ladies' Home Journal (1883), Good Housekeeping (1885), and Vogue (1892).

 

4. The 20th-Century Periodicals

The early 20th century in the United States saw the introduction of several magazines that represented more sophisticated literary tastes and that protested the remnants (следы, остатки, напоминания) of Victorian morality. These included Smart Set (1900-1930); Vanity Fair (1913-1936; revived in 1983); and the American Mercury (1924-1951) .

Since the 1950s, Reader's Digest has had a monthly circulation in the millions. Numerous foreign-language editions including Russian, as well as a Braille edition, are published.

Two other significant developments, were the establishment of

· weekly news reviews, such as Time (1923) and Newsweek (1933)

· of weekly and biweekly magazines, illustrated with photographs, such as Life (1936-1972; Look (1937-1971); and Ebony (1946), which focuses on African-American concerns.

 

1955, Reader's Digest for the first time was forced to accept advertising in order to help cover rising production costs.  начался competition from Television. then the special-interest periodicals, remained largely unaffected, and new titles continued to appear.

 

Periodicals for readers with special interests - those in a particular business or trade or in technical, scientific, or other professional fields - increased in number as well as in sales after World War II (1939-1945). They included

· The American Journal of Science (1818),

· Scientific American (1845);

·  Popular Mechanics (1902).

· National Geographic Magazine (1888),

· Art in America (1913),

· American Heritage (1954),

· Sports Illustrated (1954),

Other widely read special-interest magazines in the United States include

• Consumer Reports (1936), offering objective comparative evaluations of consumer products;
• TV Guide (1953), provides weekly program listings;
• GQ (1957), focusing on men's concerns;
• Rolling Stone (1967), devoted to rock music;
• Cricket (1974), a literary magazine for children;
• People (1974), featuring contemporary celebrities;
• National Geographic WORLD (1975), a children's magazine addressing science, history, outdoor adventure
• Discover (1980), focusing on science;
• Details (1982), covers trends fashion, art, music, and night life;
• Sports Illustrated for Kids (1989), a version of that magazine designed for children;
•  Entertainment Weekly (1990), covering trends in popular culture; and
• Wired (1993), concentrating on the computer culture.

 

Magazines can be classified in a variety of ways, but what is clear is that there seems to be a magazine for just every interest and taste in both popular and elite cultures.

 

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