Ex. 10. Study the different meaning of the word “item” and use it to translate the

      sentences.

item n        - 1. предмет, товар, изделие

                2. пункт, статья

3. сообщение (в газете)

4. вопрос

5. название, номер

 

1. Let us know what items of the equipment are most liable to damage (подвержены повреждениям).

2. Another large item of expenditure in that country is defence.

3. Some items were supplied in increased quantities.

4. They proceeded with the tests of the above-mentioned item in accordance with the terms of the contract.

5. We disagree on several items.

 

Ex. 11. Match the words with their definitions.

____ private property        a) an economic model that calls for government control of  

                                                all important economic activities.

____ profit                         b) land or belongings owned by a person or group and kept

                                                for exclusive use.

____ an order                    c) an economy in which business activities and the

                                                allocation of resources are determined by government

                                                order rather than market forces.

____ raw materials        d) style in clothes, cosmetics, behaviour, etc

____ central planning       e)a motivating influence; stimulus

                                     f) the income held to be the motivating factor of all economic

____ command economy     activity in a capitalist economy

____ fashion                     g) basic natural materials before any manufacturing          

____ incentive                        h) an instruction that must be obeyed; command

 

 

  Ex. 12. Give English equivalents to the following words and phrases.

владеть фабриками, землей и природными ресурсами__________________________

отдавать приказы_________________________________________________________

издавать приказы _________________________________________________________

планирование ____________________________________________________________

планировать на пять лет вперед _____________________________________________

преимущества и недостатки ________________________________________________

гарантировать ____________________________________________________________

предметы роскоши ________________________________________________________

побудительный мотив _____________________________________________________

личная собственность ______________________________________________________

стоять перед проблемой ____________________________________________________

очередь___________________________________________________________________

 

Ex. 13. Study these pairs of words:

Advantage – disadvantage

order – dis order

to agree – to dis agree

What does prefix dis- mean in the English word-building? Can you give some more examples of this rule?

 

Ex. 14. Define what parts of speech these words are.

 

1. differ, different, difference

2. to vary, various, variety

3. efficient, efficiency, efficiently.

 

Ex. 15. Fill in the blanks with the words from Ex. 14.

 

1. The enterprise is working _____________________.

2. There is a _______________ of reasons for high unemployment in this region.

3. Prices of the same agricultural products ____________________ from region to region.

4. There is not any _____________ between these two methods, only the names ___________.

5. These two economists are interested in ___________________ fields of economics.

6. They have raised _____________________ of their work by means of new machinery.

Ex. 16. What are the synonyms from the text of the following words?

 

1. a large quantity of central planning ____________________________

2. to distribute raw materials ___________________________________

3. what work to do ___________________________________________

4. Planning of this kind is very hard and very complex to do.  

5. planned economies have a number of common characteristics ______________________

6. the state can guarantee ______________________________________

7. luxury goods for the rich ____________________________________

8. the planners cannot forecast changes in demand __________________

9. There is no motive for individuals to work hard. __________________

COMPREHENSION

 

Ex. 17. Multiple choice. In the space provided, write the letter of the item that best

       answers the question.

 

____ 1. Who decided in the former Soviet Union what was to be produced and in what  

   quantities?

a) workers and employees

b) state planners

c) businesses

 

____ 2. For how many years ahead does the state decide what the nation is to produce?

a) the state doesn’t set any plans at all

b) ten years ahead

c) five years ahead

 

____ 3. What is a major problem faced by command economies?

a) responding to changes in people’s tastes and fashions

b) deciding what to produce

c) predicting changes in demand

____ 4. Who are the profits made in command economy paid to?

a) to the government

b) to workers

c) to top managers

____ 5. What does the state ensure to everyone in command economy?

a) production of as many luxury goods as people want to buy

b) purchasing of land

c) a good education and proper health care

 

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