Cases in which Pre-emption is Possible

1 Yahya related to me from Malik from Ibn Shihab from Sa'id ibn al-Musayyab and from Abu Salama ibn 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn 'Awf that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, allocated partners the right of pre-emption in property which had not been divided up. When boundaries had been fixed between them, then there was no right of pre-emption.

Malik said, " That is the sunna about which there is no dispute among us."

2 Malik said that he had heard that Sa'id al-Musayyab, when asked about pre-emption and whether there was any sunna about it, said, " Yes. Pre-emption applies to houses and land, and it only applies between shareholders."

3 Malik related to me that he heard the like of that from Sulayman ibn Yasar.

Malik spoke about a man bringing one of his partners in a shared property by paying the man with an animal, a slave, a slave-girl or some such equivalent in goods. Then later on another of the partners decides to exercise his right of pre-emption, and he finds that the slave or slave-girl has died and no one knows what her value had been. The buyer claims that the value of the slave-girl was a hundred dinars while the partner with the right of pre-emption claims that her value was only fifty dinars.

Malik said, " The buyer takes an oath that the value of his payment was a hundred dinars. Then, if the one with the right of pre-emption wishes, he can compensate him or else he can leave it, unless he can bring clear proof that the slave or slave-girl's value was less than what the buyer has said. If someone gives away his portion of a shared house or land and the recipient repays him for it with cash or goods, the partners can take it by pre-emption if they wish and pay off the recipient the value of what he gave in dinars or dirhams. If someone makes a gift of his portion of a shared house or land and does not take any remuneration and does not seek to do so, and a partner wants to take it for its value, he cannot do so as long as the original partner has not been given recompense for it. If there is any recompense, the one with the right of pre-emption can have it for the price of the recompense."

Malik spoke about a man who bought into a piece of shared land for a price on credit, and one of the partners wanted to possess it by right of pre-emption. Malik said, " If it seems likely that the partner can meet the terms, he has the right of pre-emption for the same credit terms. If it is feared that he will not be able to meet the terms, but he can bring a wealthy and reliable guarantor of equal standing to the person who bought the land, he can also take possession."

Malik said, " A person's absence does not sever his right of pre-emption. Even if he is away for a long time, there is no time limit after which the right of pre-emption is cut off."

Malik said that if a man left land to a number of his children, then one of them who had a child died, and the child of the deceased sold his right in that land, the brother of the seller was more entitled to pre-empt him than his paternal uncles, the father's partners."

Malik said, " This is what is done in our community."

Malik said, " Pre-emption is shared between partners according to their existing shares. Each of them takes according to his portion - if it is small, he has little, if it is great, it is according to that. That is if they are obstinate and contend with each other about it."

Malik said, " In the situation where a man buys out the share of one of his partners, and then one of the other partners says, 'I will take a portion according to my share, ' and the first partner says, 'If you wish to take all the pre-emption, I will give it up to you. If you wish to leave it, then leave it, ' then if the first partner gives him the choice and hands it over to him, the second partner can only take all the pre-emption or give it back. If he takes it, he is entitled to it. If not, he has nothing."

Malik spoke about a man who bought land and developed it by planting trees or digging a well etc. and then someone came and, seeing that he had a right in the land, wanted to take possession of it by pre-emption. Malik said, " He has no right of pre-emption unless he compensates the other for his expenditure. If he gives him a price which covers what he has developed, he is entitled to pre-emption. If not, he has no right to it."

Malik said that someone who sold off his portion of a shared house or land and then, on learning that someone with a right of pre-emption was to take possession by that right, asked the buyer to revoke the sale, and he did so, did not have the right to do that. The pre-emptor has more right to the property for the price for which he sold it.

Referring to the case of someone buying an animal and goods (that are not shared property) along with a section of a shared house or land so that when anyone demands his right of pre-emption in the house or the land, he says, " Take what I have bought altogether, for I bought it together, " Malik said, " The pre-emptor need only take possession of the house or land. Each thing the man bought is assessed according to its share of the lump sum the man paid. Then the pre-emptor takes possession of his right for a price which is appropriate on that basis. He does not take any animals or goods unless he wants to do so."

Malik said, " If someone sells a section of shared land and one of those who have the right of pre-emption surrenders it to the buyer and another insists on taking his pre-emption, the one who refuses to surrender has to take up all the pre-emption and he cannot take according to his right and leave what remains.

" In the case where one of a number of partners in a single house sells his share when all his partners are away except for one man, and the one present, when given the choice of either taking the pre-emption or leaving it, declares, 'I will take my portion and leave the portions of my partners until they are present. If they take it, that is that. If they leave it, I will take all the pre-emption, ' Malik said, 'He can only take it all or leave it. If his partners come, they can take their portion from him or leave it as they wish. If this is offered to him and he does not accept it, I think that he has no pre-emption.' "

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