Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Assimilation in English. Alveolar articulation t-d-l-m followed by . ⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 2 из 2
Assimilation is a process of alteration of speech sounds as a result of which one of the sounds becomes fully or partially similar to the adjoining sound. The word "assimilation" is an example of this phenomenon. This Latin word is composed of the i preposition "ad" — to, and the adjective "similis" alike, similaru ad-similatio — assimilatio: [ds>ss] ([d] under the influence of the following [s] was changed to [s]). The nature of assimilation is determined by objective physical and physiological conditions. Assimilation exists in every Types of assimilation can be distinguished according to: (1) direction, (2) degree of completeness, (3) degree of stability. Assimilation can affect the place of obstruction and the active organ of speech; the work of the vocal cords; the position of the lips; the position of the soft palate; the manner of the release of plosive consonants. Direction of Assimilation. The influence of the neighbouring sounds in English can act in a progressive, regressive or reciprocal (double) direction. When some articulatory features of the following sound are changed under the influence of the preceding sound, which remains unchanged, assimilation is called progressive. For example. (1) The pronunciation of the plural suffix -s of nouns depends on the quality of the preceding consonant: it is pronounced as [z] after voiced consonants, eg pens [penz Reciprocal or double assimilation means complex mutual influence of the adjacent sounds. For example, within the word tree [tri:] the sonorant [r] is partly devoiced under the influence of the voiceless [t] and the alveolar [t] becomes post-alveolar before the post-alveolar [r]. Degree of Completeness. According to its degree, assimilation can be complete and incomplete. Assimilation is called complete in the case the two adjoining sounds become alike or merge into one. It always takes place when the two sounds differ only in one articulatory feature. We find cases of complete assimilation within words, eg cupboard ; and at the word junction in fluent speech, eg less shy Assimilation is called incomplete when the likeness of the adjoining sounds is partial as the assimilated sound retains its major articulatory features. For example, the sonorants [w, 1, r] are partly devoiced when preceded by the voiceless fortis [p, t, k, s, f, 6] within words: sweet [swi:t], place [pleis], try [trai]. ". Degree of Stability. Many assimilatory phenomena of older stages in the development of the language have become obligatory in modern English, they may, or may not be reflected in spelling. Such changes which have taken place over a period of time within words are called historical, eg orchard In modern language obligatory assimilations are special allo-phonic variants characteristic of the natives' speech. The use of the wrong allophone, though a non-phonemic mistake, amounts to mispronunciation and may be one of the causes of a foreign accent making understanding difficult. For example, a dental allophone of the alveolar [t] should be used when it is followed by (inter)dental [6] or [8] as in eight Besides there are a lot of widely spread but non-obligatory cases of assimilation which can be traced mainly at word boundaries, eg ten minutes ['ten 'minits>'tem'mmits] ten girls
14. Occlusive consonants and stops. Occlusive consonants are sounds in the production which the air stream meets a complete obstruction in mouth. Occlusive noise consonants are called stops because the breath is completely stopped at some point articulation and then it is released with a slight explosion, that is why, they are also called plosives. According to the work of the vocal cords stops may be voiced and voiceless. Occlusive voiced consonants are: the English b d g Occlusive voiceless consonants are: the English p t k According to the force of articulation English voiced stops are weak (lenis), voiceless are strong (fortis). The particular quality of a sonorant depends on the position of the soft palate. Occlusive sonorants are also made with a complete obstruction but the soft palate is lowered and the air stream escapes through the nose, so they are nasal The English occlusive nasal sonorants: m,n,N
3я часть 1)Ghost-[gəust] Lip-[lɪp] Giggle-['gɪgl] Surge- [sɜːʤ] Loose-[luːs] Lose-[luːz] Norwich-['nɔrɪʤ] Machine-[mə'ʃiːn] Taught- [tɔːt] Sure-[ʃuə] Base-[beɪs] Heart-[hɑːt] Hearth-[hɑːθ] Tell-[tel] That-[ðæt] Leave-[liːv] Bath-[bɑːθ] Life-[laɪf] Wet-[wet]
2)card-[kɑːd] Conqueror-['kɔŋk(ə)rə] Brass-[brɑːs] Wrote-[rəut] Soldier-['səulʤə] Boat-[bəut] Cough-[kɔf] Stomach-['stʌmək] Knowledge-['nɔlɪʤ] March-[mɑːʧ] Much-[mʌʧ-] Take-[teɪk] Though-[ðəu] Dull-[dʌl] Paper-['peɪpə] High- [haɪ] Height- Bell-[bel] Less-[les] Child-[ʧaɪld] Nothing-['nʌθɪŋ] 3)season-['siːz(ə)n] After-['ɑːftə] Want-[wɔnt] What-[(h)wɔt] Twilight-['twaɪlaɪt] Going-['gəuɪŋ] Never-['nevə] Know-[nəu] Light-[laɪt] Chicago-[ʃɪ'kɑːgəu] Genre-[ʒɔŋrə] Neighbor-['neɪbə] Write-[raɪt] Shoulder-['ʃəuldə] Austria-['ɔstrɪə] Butter-['bʌtə] Break-[breɪk] 4) character-['kærəktə] Homemade-[ˌhəum'meɪd] Fewer-[fjuː] Enjoy-[ɪn'ʤɔɪ] Diphthong-['dɪfθɔŋ] Table-['teɪbl] Agenda-[ə'ʤendə] Pour-[pɔː] Poor-[ puə] Night-[naɪt] Favorite-['feɪv(ə)rɪt] Idea-[aɪ'dɪə] Charm-[ʧɑːm] Care-[kɛə] Peace-[piːs] Between-[bɪ'twiːn] These-[ðiːz] Environment-[ɪn'vaɪər(ə)nmənt] Role-[rəul]
5) chapter-['ʧæptə] Graphemics- Articulation-[ɑːˌtɪkj'leɪʃ(ə)n] People-['piːpl] Bad-[bæd] Bed-[bed] Difference-['dɪf(ə)r(ə)n(t)s] Pronunciation-[prəˌnʌn(t)sɪ'eɪʃ(ə)n] Phonetics-[fə'netɪks] Thunder-['θʌndə] Monophthong-['mɔnəfθɔŋ] Contour-['kɔntuə] Twins-[twɪn] Thought-[θɔːt] Though-[ðəu] Biology-[baɪ'ɔləʤɪ] Mechanical-[mɪ'kænɪk(ə)l] Ouster-['austə]
|
Последнее изменение этой страницы: 2019-05-08; Просмотров: 533; Нарушение авторского права страницы