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Упр3. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в Past Simple Tense .



1) He (to open) the window 10 minutes ago. I (to buy) the books yesterday.

2. We (to discuss) the matter last week. I (to bring) the newspapers yesterday.

3. They (to study) English at school She (to write) 4 letters yesterday.

4. I (to translate) this text quickly. We (to speak) with him last week.

5. My mother (to clean) the room. The children (to go) to the sportclub.

6. The workers (to ask) many questions. He (to give) me his new pen.

7. The father (to repair) our TV- set. We (to go) to the South by train.

8. The woman (to give) me the information. The students (to play) football after classes.

9. I (to receive) the letter yesterday. We (to go) to the village by car.

10. The accident (to happen) last week. The teacher (to give) us much homework.

 

Упр 4. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму. ( в Past Simple Tense)

1) I learned these words. He gave me this book.

2) They worked hard. He brought me fresh newspaper.

3) She cooked dinner. They took books in the library.

4) We saw this film yesterday. He received a good job offer.

5) I thought about your offer. She played the piano.

6) He showed me his picture. They went to the cinema.

7) She used the book in her report. We played tennis yesterday.

8) I gave her my address. He repaired his bike.

9) She bought some food for supper. They stayed at work.

10) He saw his friend yesterday. We answered all letters.

 

Упр .№5 Раскройте скобки , поставив глагол в Future Simple Tense.

We (to come) here tomorrow.

They (to go) to the cinema next week.

They ( to finish) school in two years.

I (to play) tennis tomorrow.

She (to buy) bread for supper.

He (to become) an engine-driver.

I (to sing) the song at the concert.

We (to ask) him about it tomorrow.

She (to show) you her new address.

He (to bring) us the fresh newspaper.

Упр.№ 6 Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму (в Future Simple Tense )

1. He will travel by train.

2. She will tell you this story.

3. They will sign the contract.

4. The workers will repair the car.

5. She will translate the letter.

6. We will send this letter.

7. I will ask him about it.

8. They will discuss business in the office.

9. We will have talks in London.

10. They will meet you at the station.

Упр . № 7. Раскройте скобки , употребив Present Progressive Tense.

1. We (to have) dinner now. He (to sleep) now.

2. I (to speak) on the telephone now. She (to write) a letter now.

3. They (to translate) the text now. He (to watch) a new film now.

4. We (to discuss) the matter now. She (to read) the letter now.

5. I (to smoke) a cigarette now. They (to work) in the office now.

6. He (to speak) with the manager now. We (to listen) to the news now.

7. She (to drink) tea now. They (to learn) new words now.

8. The students (to write) an exercise now. The teacher (to explain) the new material .

9. He (to work) on the computer now. The children (to play) volleyball in the yard now.

10. The workers (to repair) the old van now. He (to listen) to the new records.

Упр .№ 8 Раскройте скобки , употребив глагол в Present Simple Tense или в Present Progressive Tense.

1) Nancy (to go) to London ever day. I (to write) the answer now.

2) He (to know) several languages. We (to play) table tennis now.

3) They often (to come) to our office. She (to speak) with her boss now.

4) He (to look) through the window now. She (to clean) her room every day.

5) We (to discuss) the project now. They (to go) to the sportclub every Sunday.

6) He usually (to read) newspapers at home. They (to do) the exercises now.

7) She (to watch) TV now. We (to go) to the village every week-end.

8) The teacher (to help) his students now. The engineer often (to hold) discussions.

9) He (to drink) coffee every morning. They (to have) dinner now.

10) We (to sit) in the office now. They usually (to come) home late.

 

 

Варианты контрольных работ для V курса

Контрольная работа для Vкурса состоит из 2-х блоков:

1.»Лексико-грамматического» (необходимо выполнить 3-и задания, исходя из номера своего варианта);

2. «Грамматического» (необходимо выполнить 5 упражнений по грамматике -это общее задание для всех вариантов)

«Лексико-грамматический «блок заданий».

№ студента 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
№ варианта 12 11 6 13 8 9 2 5 4 7 13 5 3 1 10 6 4 2 7 13 3 8 12 11 9

Вариант №1

Задание №1.Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы к нему.

"Automating the railways".

At present control of the high-speed trains is semi-automatic since they are automatically forced to comply with permissible speeds at any instant. Stops at station platforms are under the driver's control. The whole line in Japan, for example, is directly controlled from Tokyo and for this purpose is divided into four systems. The state of the line is continuously surveyed and information is transmitted at high speed to the control centre. Each train automatically identifies itself by generating a unique frequency as it passes fixed ground equipment and the information is displayed on the control system at Tokyo. Trains entering stations automatically set the points system according to classification, i.e. whether super express, limited express or freight. One interesting but simple safety feature is provided to enable anyone on the line to stop the train in an emergency. It consists of push-button switches placed at intervals of 50 m. Operation of the switch shorts the track circuit, and consequent indication in the driving cab of an approaching train causes the brakes to be applied automatically when at an appropriate distance from the danger position. All the safety circuits are fail-safe, and the possibility of an accident due to human fallibility has been virtually eliminated. Current developments intended for future installation would incline programmed control, obstacle defection by a guided radar, controlled braking to a prescribed point and centralized computer control. Extensive work is under way in our country to utilize television technique in industry, science and agriculture. Some years ago one of the research institutes of our country designed television apparatus which is now used in railway transport to record the serial numbers of freight cars arriving at a station. As a train pulls in at a station, somewhere at a distance of ten kilometers an operator sees this train on the screen of his television set. The operator reads aloud the serial number of the freight cars and they are recorded by a type recorder. On another television set the operator can see all the railway lines in a station. The operator only has to press a button and another station will appear on the screen. These installations are being used in connection with the shifting of freight cars.

The Central Research Institute of the Military of Railways is designing a new television apparatus which will enable engine drivers “to see” the condition of the freight car even when it is dark.

 

Вопросы к тексту:

1. Are stops at station platforms under the driver's control? And why?

2. Why can you say about an automated line in Japan?

3. How do trains identify themselves as they pass fixed ground equipment?

4.  What device is used that enables anyone on line to stop the train in emergency?

5.  What distance are push-button switches placed on line?

6.  Does the switch short the track circuit by applying brakes automatically?

7. How is the possibility of an accident eliminated?

8. What installations for controlling safe movement will be included in future?

9. Is television technique utilized in railway transport in our country?

10. In what connection are the television installations being used on the railway lines?

Задание № 2. Переведите следующие словосочетания :

container movement, engaging movement, diesel engine, diesel-electric engine, real-time processing, autonomous peripheral transfer devices, pointsman, engine output, video output, input/output.

 

Задание №3. Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. Скоростные поезда подчиняются системе автоматического и полуавтоматического контроля.

2. Остановки на станциях находятся под контролем машинистов.

3. Создано много автоматических устройств , чтобы избежать несчастных случаев.

4. Телевизионная техника широко используется на железных дорогах.

5. Оператор TV может видеть всю железнодорожную линию на своей станции, а путём переключения кнопки он всегда может видеть другую станцию на этом пути.

6. Оператор может читать серийные номера грузовых вагонов и записывать их на магнитофон.

7. Создаётся новый телевизионный аппарат, который позволит машинисту видеть в темноте.

 

Вариант №2

Задание №1. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы:

1. How did the early cars look like?

2. What made the inventors design new types of cars?

3. What is the box-car intended for?

4. What is a refrigerator car intended for?

5. How can a refrigerator car protect goods from weather conditions?

6. How is a tank car filled with liquid goods?

7. What kinds of freight cars are designed for transporting coal, ore, gravel?

8. Why is the container traffic very popular nowadays?

9. What kinds of modern sleeping cars can you name? What is their inside arrangement?

10. What is the flat intended for?

«Carriages and wagons”

The cars used on the early railways were very much like the stage-coaches and wagons traveling on ordinary roads. Although drawn by horses, these vehicles had flanged wheels which kept them on the rails.

At time went on an railroads had to carry more and more freight, bigger and better cars were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Today, the railroads have several classes of freight cars, there being many varieties in each class.

The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered car. It is a general-all purpose car intended to carry all kinds of ordinary goods which must be protected from the weather. A special type of b ox car is a refrigerator car used for hauling food products. The walls, floor and roof of this wagon are air- and waterproof to protect goods from the heat of the outside air.

Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. The long cylindrical tank of the car is filled through an opening on the top and emptied through a special device in the bottom.

Coal, ore, gravel, and other similar goods are known to be conveyed in open-top cars, the principal types of these being the gondola and hopper car. Both types are designed for mechanized loading and unloading and, therefore, built especially strong and durable.

The simplest type of car is the flat car. Being usually employed for transporting rails, beams, timber, and heavy machines, they, if fitted with special devices, can also carry containers. The container traffic is now coming into wide use on all modes of transport because it reduces the cost of loading and unloading goods and decreases the danger of their breakage. The fact is that goods are packed into containers at factories or ware houses and are not disturbed while in transit, thus being conveyed from “door-to-door”.

We know the passenger rolling stock of today to comprise several types of cars. There exist sleeping and dining cars, coaches for day and night sendee,saloon coaches for tourists, etc. The modern rolling stock is built with two types of inside arrangement. One is the compartment type with a side corridor, and the other is the open vehicle with a central passage.

Задание №2. Переведите следующие словосочетания :

air-conditioned cars, trunk line , hump yard, track facilities, signal appliances at railroads, centralized traffic control, traffic flow, passenger compartment, the yard terminal office.

 

Задание № 3 . Переведите следующие предложения:

1) Railways compete with other kinds of transport. The very first passenger and freight cars were pulled by horses.

2) Some goods must be protected from weather conditions. The early railway cars looked like boxes on wheels.

3) Metal cars are protected from corrosion with the help of plaint. There are various types of freight cars for different foods.

4) The sleeping cars are divided into small separate parts or compartments Covered cars are cars with roofs.

5) Old carriages were heated by stoves; modern cars have central heating. In coaches the seats are arranged on both sides of the vehicle.

6) The very first freight class were used in coal mines in England. Many innovations have been introduced in car construction since the early days.

7) George Pullman is regarded to be the inventor of the sleeping cars. The railroad travel depends largely upon the standards of cars and service.

8) Most long-distance trains are furnished with fluorescent lightning and air-conditioning. The prototype of a modern sleeping car appeared in the middle of the 19th century.

9) Modern carriages are made of light-weight steel, aluminum and plastics. The early trains had neither lighting nor heating.

10) In Russia the construction of passenger cars was started in 1846 at the Alexander Works. Modern cars are durable and have good performance characteristics.

Вариант№ 3

Задание №1. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы:

"Movement of freight traffic"

Movement of freight starts at the initial terminal where the train is made up in the classification yard. Here cars are collected in groups or blocks. These are assembled on a departure track. The number of cars assigned to a train is related as nearly as possible to the tonnage capacity of the locomotive. After assembling the various blocks of cars on the track from which the train is to leave, they are coupled up with air brake connection, then tested and inspected. Defective cars are quickly repaired; if this requires more time than is available such cars are cut out and dispatched in a later train. The engine crew boards the train at the locomotive terminal. They pick up the caboose with the train and attach it to the rear end of the train, or a yard engine may handle the caboose. Prior to leaving the yard terminal office the freight conductor receives a series of sheets called billing, which show the number , character and destination of each car in his train, and checks the train for correct make-up or” consist”. When the train is ready to move, a signal from the conductor to the engineer starts it on its way. Except for stops for water or fuel a through freight train will run normally to the next intermediate terminal without stop or change in its consist. The

conductor makes out what is called a wheel report, listing the initials and numbers of each car,weight of the car, weight of lading and the points between which the train moves it. These wheel reports are the records from which the car accountant keeps track of car movement and the statistical department of the railroad compiles freight train and traffic statistics. At intermediate terminals cars consigned to destinations within the particular territory are cut out of the train New cars at intermediate terminals may be added. The train progresses by successive stops through other intermediate terminals to final destination, where it moves to the terminal yard. At the point cars are classified for delivery to the various industries, the operation being carried out by local yard crew.

 

Вопросы к тексту:

1) Where does the movement of freight start?

2) Why are cars classified or sorted?

3) How is the number of cars assigned to a train related to the tonnage capacity of the locomotive?

4) What cars are cut out and dispatched in a later train?

5) What does the freight conductor receive at the yard terminal office?

6) What does a series of sheets called billing show?

7) Who gives a signal to the engineer for the train being ready to move?

8) Does a through train stop sometimes? For what purpose?

9) What does the conductor show in a wheel report?

10) How does the freight train progress to its final destination?

Задание № 2. Переведите следующие словосочетания :

 frequent intervals, colored lights, interlocking system, in case of emergency, strictly adhere, traffic lights.

Задание № 3.

 Поставьте предложения в пассивную форму, полученные предложения переведите:

1) We are building a new railway line in this region.

2) Railway engineers designed a lot of most productive facilities.

3) The government granted some money to renew the equipment and the roadbed of all the railroads.

4) The plant will increase its capital investment in equipment and structures.

5) R.K.Frolov constructed a line with cast iron rails in the Altai Mountains in 1809.

6) R.F. Frolov used elliptical rails instead of angular ones.

7) They are repairing the car now.

8) I have translated the whole text.

9) The agent informed the buyers about the arrival of the steamer.

10) We have built a new metro line in this city by the end of the year.

 

Вариант № 4

Задание №1. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы:

“The diesel traction”

The advance of transportation took a long time and scores of talented engineers did all in their power to develop the transportation system people have now at their disposal. But man never stops at what he had reached, and what seems fantastic today turns out to be quite realizable tomorrow.

The idea of creating a new kind of motive power for locomotives interested Russian scientists and engineers long ago. Great contribution to the solution of this problem was made by the Higher Technical School in Moscow later named after N.E.Bauman. Thus Prof. Grenetevsky designed an original diesel engine to meet the requirements of railway sendee while A.N.Shelest proposed a project of an original diesel locomotive and patented it in Russia and England. Nevertheless, in pre-revolutionary Russia these as well as many other projects were not realized.

The transport difficulties in the early twenties made railway engineers turn their attention to diesel traction. As a result, large-scale research and experimental work was done despite the great economic difficulties the young Soviet Republic faced at that period.

We may consider November 6, 1924 to be the birthday of the world's first main-line diesel-electric locomotive. This, 1,000 hp unit was built to Prof. Gakkel's design. Field tests showed the task of creating a practical main-line locomotive had been largely solved.

The diesel locomotive is more expensive to build and maintain than the electric of equal power since the diesel locomotive carries a power plant on itself. In addition, the diesel engine is an air pollutant prime mover, so the diesel traction should not be recommended for use on suburban lines round large cities. Noise and vibration are also considered the drawbacks of the diesel locomotive. Another disadvantage of the diesel locomotive is that the diesel engine runs on organic fuel the supplies of which are not inexhaustible.

Diesel traction is normally employed today on non-electrified trunk lines and on lines where traffic is not dense enough to justify electrification. I addition, it is the diesel traction which is particularly suitable for switching services for the diesel locomotive is not connected to the overhead wires and can easily and rapidly perform its switching duties.

Вопросы к тексту:

1. Who was interested in the development of a new kind of motive power?

2. What did Professor Grenetevsky design to meet the requirements of railway service?

3. What date can we consider the birthday of the world's first main-line diesel-electric locomotives?

4. Why is the diesel locomotive more expensive to build and maintain?

5. Why isn't it recommended to use diesel traction on suburban lines?

6. What are the drawbacks of diesel traction?

7. Why is diesel traction suitable for switching service?

8. What kind of fuel do diesel locomotives burn?

9. Which technical school made great contribution to the solution of the problem of tractive power?

10. What did the talented Russian engineers devote their lives to?

Задание №2 . Переведите следующие словосочетания :

high-load capacity, railway network, high speed train, station platform, traffic safety, control system, traffic lights.

     Задание №3. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:

1) The diesel engine burns fuel in the cylinder. The power used to move the train is known as motive power

2) In the fifties diesel traction was introduced as a new kind of motive power on railways. Diesel locomotives are the best for switching work.

3) Diesel locomotive performs its duty quickly and efficiently. Diesel traction is associated with the name of Rudolf Diesel.

4) The diesel engine belongs to the class of internal-combustion engines in which the fuel is burnt inside the engine itself. The diesel engine can be started within a minute or two in any weather.

5) The diesel locomotives are capable of developing a high tractive effort at low speeds/ Rudolf Diesel was one of the creators of the first real diesel locomotive.

6) Powerful diesel locomotives are capable of developing a high tractive effort at low speeds. Self-propelled diesel trains are widely used on suburban lines with light traffic.

7) Diesel engines are largely used for heavy duties including railway traction. Modern railways use a great number of devices to simplify the operation of trains.

8) Rudolf Diesel believed that his engine would find wide application on railways. Our country started a mass production of diesel from the fifties.

9) Diesel locomotives can compete with electric ones on lines where traffic is not dense. Diesel can easily and rapidly perform their switching duties.

10) Diesel locomotive is not connected to the overhead wires. The locomotives used for sorting operations are known as switching locomotives.

 

Вариант№ 5

Задание №1. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы:

"From the history of railway construction in Russia".

Our country, Russia, stretches across two continents, from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. The first railway in Russia using steam traction was an industrial line at Nizhni Tagil in the Urals, built in 1834, for which the first two steam locomotives in the country were constructed by father and son named Cherepanovs. The first public railway was the Petersburg-Pavlovsk railway. At first it was opened from Pavlovsk to Tsarskoye Selo with horse traction in October, 1836. Locomotives were introduced in 1837. The first important railway construction from Petersburg to Moscow was begun in 1843 and opened to public traffic in 1851. That was a first -class double-track railway line, which linked two large industrial and culturel centres. It had 644 km in length , 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were erected to make the line as straight and level as possible.Since 1890 to 1900 more than 11,000 miles of railway were built. By the end of 1925 the railway system had grown to 46,300 miles. The Baikal-Amur Line, more than 3,000 km long, was built in the Far East of our country, and the process of building new railway lines is going on. Today railway transport different than that in old times. There are many thousans of locomotives is quitedifferent than that in old times. There are many thousands of locomotives, hundreds of thousands of cars and oil-cisterns. The trains today go much faster. The whole wagon fleet was fitted with continuous brakes, and hundreds of thousands wagons were equipped with automatic couplings. Many old lines were improved and electrified and use of diesel traction was begun. Heavy rails were laid extensively and a substantial mileage was equipped with automatic block signaling. Railway transport is still one of the cheapest ways hauling freight over long distances. Communications are important to the national economy of a country. Without good roads and railways a country cannot develop its resources and industry. Without roads it is impossible to market agricultural produce.

 

Вопросы к тексту:

1. When was the railway construction begun in Russia?

2. By whom was the first steam locomotive constructed in Russia?

3. Where was the first public railway constructed?

4. How was the railway system changed in the 20th century?

5. What was the whole wagon fleet equipped with?

6. What can you say about the first-class double -track railway line linked two capitals?

7. Why is railway transport so important for the country and people?

8. Is railway transport the best one? Why?

Задание №2 . Переведите следующие словосочетания:

high-load capacity, railway network, high speed train, station platform, traffic safety, control system, traffic lights.

Задание №3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в страдательном залоге:

1) Electronic digital computers are used in many countries.

2) A human operator is replaced by automatic devices.

3) Signals can be received by a station.

4) The telephone was invented in 1876.

5) In mechanics we are interested in kinetic as well as in potential energy.

6) Some atomic power stations are assumed to be built for experimental purposes.

7) Long ago land was cultivated by very primitive implements.

8) All metals are divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

9) All elements are composed of minute particle called atoms.

10) The famous “Periodic Classification” was published by D.I. Mendeleyev in 1869.

 

Вариант№ 6

Задание № 1.Переведите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему:

"Assembling the train. Movement of passenger traffic."

Passenger trains are assembled in a car yard with a number of specified cars as baggage, mail and express coaches, dining, parlour and sleeping cars. Every car in the train has received careful inspection inside and outside to make certain of its mechanical condition. Each car has been washed: not only have inside woodwork and floors been scrubbed, but carpets and seats have been gone over with vacuum cleaners. Preparations for dining service constitute a considerable operation. Food supplies have been requisitioned from the store rooms, and stored in the car refrigerators, cupboards and small but complete pantry. Clean linen has been stocked. After preparing the cars and cleaning and stocking them with supplies, they are coupled, inspected, and tested to ascertain whether mechanical appliances such as air brakes and signal and steam lines are functioning properly. The train is now ready to receive its passengers, baggage and mail.

When ready, a switching engine moves the trains to the assigned departure track at the station. The road locomotive has been inspected. The crew takes over the locomotive at the terminal, moves in to the departure track and couples it to the train. Here the train receives tests of air brakes and signal lines again. The train crew has been mobilized, they are called for duty according to schedule. A modern train stands in the terminal ready to receive its passengers. It departs at the moment called for by its schedule. The program of departure seems so simple that few passengers realize that it has required the services of a small army of railroad employees to make the movement possible.

Вопросы к тексту:

1) Where are passenger trains assembled?

2) What tests does the train receive at the terminal?

3) How is each car inspected?

4) What is each train supplied with?

5) Is the road locomotive inspected too?

6) What does the crew do with the locomotive?

7) How does the train crew work?

8) When is the train ready to receive its passengers?

9) When does the train depart?

Задание №2. Переведите следующие словосочетания :

air-conditioned cars, trunk line , hump yard, track facilities, signal appliances at railroads, centralized traffic control, traffic flow, passenger compartment, the yard terminal office.

Задание № 3. Переведите предложения, обратите внимание на сказуемые в пассиве:

1) The rails are carefully inspected before they are laid in the track.

2) The railroad line is crossed by the highway in two points.

3) The equipment was sent for but it has not arrived yet.

4) Several towns will be linked by this line.

5) New locomotives to be built by the end of the year will have ventilating fans of a new type.

6) One of the most important railway problems is the problem of increasing train speed.

7) The new locos to be produced for the October line are expected to develop maximum speed of more than 200 km/h.

8)  We saw the new locomotive start from the station.

9) Fuel oil supply to the diesel engine is provided from the oil tank through filters by two pumps driven by electric motors.

Fifteen 1,800hp diesel-electric locos are to be delivered to the Brazilian Railways, all of them having been produced by the Hungarian plants.

 

Вариант № 7.

Задание №1. Переведите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему:

“Signal and signaling”

Safe operation of freight and passenger trains requires a system of signaling. To inform the locomotive and train crew of the position of other trains in relation to their own, signals installed at frequent intervals give indications which are visible both by day and by night. Wayside signals installed along railroad tracks are called fixed signals.

We know that the semaphore used to be the most common type of the signal. The relative position of the semaphore arm constituted the signal. To indicate “stop” a horizontal arm was used. “Proceed” was indicated by a vertical arm. To give restrictive (i.e.cautionary) indications the arm was inclined up or down. Colored lights give the indications at night. The semaphore mechanism is equipped with lenses illuminated by a lamp, so that a red light shows when the semaphore is in the “stop” position , a green light – when the semaphore is in the “proceed” position, and a yellow light – when the semaphore is in the restrictive position. The colour-light signal sometimes used is known to have semaphore arm and give both day and night indications be means of red, green and yellow lights. We know some signals to be operated by hand, others to be automatic. Locomotives on some railroads are known to be equipped with apparatus located in the cab, which gives a continuous indication to the engine man identical with that that shown by wayside signals.

By cab signals the engine grew is supposed to be always informed of conditions ahead regardless of the weather that affects the man's ability to see wayside signals. Locomotive cab signals are equipped to give audible warnings whenever the aspect changes to one more restrictive. A protective device is installed on some railroads to apply the brakes automatically and bring a train to a stop if , for any reason , a “stop” signal should be passed . It is called automatic train control. The first signals installed are known to have been hand-operated , usually by station employees.

Вопросы к тексту:

1) Why is system of signaling necessary?

2) What are fixed signals? Where are they installed?

3) What is the most common type of the signal?

4) When are colored lights used?

5) Why are cab signals so important?

6) What for is a protective device installed on some railroads?

Задание №2.

Переведите следующие словосочетания :

regardless of the weather, belt railway, elevated railway, multiple-track railway, street railway, suburban railway, suspended railway, classification yard, dispatch track, passing track, marshalling track,track circuit, fail-safe rolling of locomotive, baggage-and-mail car, power-car, testing -car, push-car, rear-end car, flat car, autonomus car, brake axle, double ( single) -arm semaphore.

Задание № 3.Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитивные формы глагола:

1. It is known that a signal to be utilized by day is substituted by colored lights at night.

2. A dispatcher had to control train movements over a section of a track. The most difficult task for engineers to decide before beginning to build any railroad is to find a proper strip of land for this purpose.

3. The engineers wanted cab signals to be located in the locomotive cab.

4. The colored light is changed to put the signal into a restrictive position.

5. It was very important to install the block signals on all the railroads.

6. The system may be further developed to include control of the brakes to attain optimal braking effect.

7. Special signals to be installed along railroads will help engine man to drive trains without accidents.

8. That railroad seems to have been the first in the world.

9. The efficiency coefficient of electric locomotives is stated to be much higher than of steam locomotives.

10. The railroad engineers are said to be improving a protective device on the locomotives.

 

Вариант № 8

Задание №1 Переведите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему:

"The power supply system"

Задание №1. Переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы к нему

1) What kind of power stations generate electric energy?

2) What are the drawbacks of conventional power plants?

3) What discovery caused a revolution in energetics?

4) What kind of power plants is the most respective?

(What kind of energy will soon become the main source of power supply?)

5) Where is the electric energy sent after having been generated?

6) What kind of electric current is generated by power stations?

7) Why is alternating current converted into direct current in many countries?

8) Where is the alternating current converted into direct current?

9) What is the essential part of any substation?

10) What is a rectifier of a substation needed for?

Nowadays technical progress, including the progress in railway engineering is unthinkable without the proper power supply system.

Till recent years, all electric energy has been generated by thermal and hydro-power stations. But the hydro-power stations are always tied to rivers. As for the thermal power plants the supplies of fuel needed for their operation are not inexhaustible. So power engineers are now in search of new sources of energy.

The great efforts of scientists and engineers have resulted in discovering atomic energy which caused a revolution in energetics.

After having been generated , the electric energy is sent to the electricity grid system of the country. It is the grid system that distributes the power to the consumers, including the electrified railways.

Both conventional and nuclear power stations generate a high voltage alternating current(a.c.).The fact is that the alternating current can be more economically transmitted over long distances than the dirrect currnt(d.c.) and the higher the voltage the less energy is lost.

Although the alternating current can be used to drive trains, in many countries it is converted to the direct current because d.c. Motors are simpler in construction than a.c. machines.

As is known, the conversion of a.c. to d.c. takes place in railway substations. The first essential of a substation is a trandformer in which the electric current taken from the transmission line is lowered in voltage.Another important instrument the substation is fitted with is a rectifier which converts a.c. to d.c, this one-way (i.e. dirrect) current being then fed to the overhead wire.

Electronics has found a wide aplication in railway substations, silicon rectifiers being one of the most commonly used electronic instruments. Due to electronics most substations are now operated by remote control.

Задание №2. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык:

 utilizer, to protect, distribution,consumption,load graph,lighting load,power load,power utilizing devices, an interconnected operation of power plants.

Задание №3. Переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. Electrification is one of the ways to increase the railway efficiency. In designing high-speed vehicles we must take into account control equipment, tractive power and stability.

2.  The substations located along the line convert a.c. to d.c. A special rail is used on the underground railways to conduct electricity to the trains.

3. If the trains run with very shot intervals, we say that the railway carries dense traffic. The generation of electricity from the sun energy is now quite realizable.

4. The operation cost of electrified railways is relatively low. All electrified trunk lines use the overhead power supply system which is called catenary.(воздушный контактный провод)

5. High efficiency and great reliability are the chief advantages of electric haulage. Metro trains are furnished with electric current by means of the conductor rail.

6. The electric energy which drives the trains may be taken from the overhead wire. To convert a railway to electric haulage will require costly reconstruction work.

7. The speed attained by modern trains is often limited by the conditions of the track. The voltage of the electric current is lowered at the substation.

8. The speed record on electrified railways belong to the French locomotives. The high cost of automic control system is economically justified.

9. Electric haulage is particularly attractive in mountainous countries. After electrification this line will be serviced by multy-union trains.

10. Due to numerous machines less time is required for the workers to repair the catenary. The transformers are used to lower the voltage of the alternating current.

Вариант № 9

Задание №1.Переведите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему:

“Engine driver today.”

Nowadays in Russia modern diesel locomotives are known to have a lot of highly complicated machinery which must be regularly examined if the reliability of locomotives and safety of passengers and freight are to be maintained. At present, diesel locomotives are reported to handle about 50 per cent of the transportation . The passenger diesel such as “TEP-70” and “TEP-80” can run at a speed of 160-200 km/h, and freight diesel such as “2TE-116” can handle 8,000 ton trains and more, the power of their diesel-generator equipment reaching 6,000hp. Therefore the railways need highly qualified engineers and drivers to operate diesels successfully. The work of a modern diesel locomotive driver completely differs from that of a steam locomotive driver. The modern driver sits comfortably in an upholstered chair in a very clean cab. Right in front of of of him he has a large glass window which gives him a splendid view of the line ahead. In wet or snowy weather, a powerful screen wiper keeps the glass clean. Besides that, there are special fans to prevent window glass from freezing in cold winter. All the information the driver requires, i.e., speed, pressure, engine temperature, etc., is given by a few dials and warning lights on an instrument panel in front of him. The driver's control cab which is made as sound-proof as possible is constructed of a thin iron sheet lined with wooden panels on the inside. The side windows of the cab for the driver and his assistant are made to slide, and the others are of the drop type as those used in carriages.

And now let's learn how to train the future diesel and electric locomotive drivers in England. Traditional training for train drivers is expensive both in terms of cost and time. It costs 40,000 English pounds to provide basic training for one driver and takes up to 11 months. Theoretical training is easy to organize and typically one instructor can cope with up to 12 trainees (ученики). But train drivers require considerable practical instruction to acquire the necessary skills which drivers need for competent performance. Practical training requires minimum 300 hours on service trains with an instructor. Such training provides experience of normal everyday driving duties. However, it is almost impossible to provide experience of unusual and emergency situations. Most practical training is carried out initially in a depot using old rolling stock to provide training in shunting and mainline driving. It is in this area of training that simulation can be most effectively used. There are many problems that require attention of both railway managers and trainers if simulation is to be successfully introduced and integrated into an existing training system.

Вопросы к тексту:

 1) What locomotives have a highly complicated machinery?

 2) What must be regularly examined for safety of passengers and freight?

 3) What special devices help to prevent window of driver's cab from freezing?

 4) What information is given for driver in his control cab?

 5) How long is practical training for English drivers carried out?

Задание №2. Переведите следующие словосочетания :

 a) cab window, cab front window, cab front window screen wiper, instrument panel, cab instrument panel, cab instrument panel lights;diesel locomotive transportation, diesel locomotive transportation efficiency, future diesel locomotive transportation efficiency development;

 b) regularly examined devices, highly-qualified engineers, highly complicated machinery, completely changed work, easily obtained information, beautifully lined panels.

Задание № 3.

 Переведите предложения, обратите внимание на глаголы - сказуемые в форме страдательного залога.

1) New locomotives to be built by the end of the year will have ventilating fans of a new type.

2) One of the most important railway problems is the problem of increasing train speed.

3) The new locos to be produced for the October line are expected to develop maximum speed of more than 200 km/h.

4)  We saw the new locomotive start from the station.

5) Fuel oil supply to the diesel engine is provided from the oil tank through filters by two pumps driven by electric motors.

6) Fifteen 1,800hp diesel-electric locos are to be delivered to the Brazilian Railways, all of them having been produced by the Hungarian plants.

7) The first World Locomotive Exhibition are stated to have been held in Vienna in1873 and in Paris in 1878, a Hungarian locomotive being awarded the Grand Prix in 1878.

8) The Hungarian Type DYM-11 1,000 hp diesel-locomotive built for the Egyptian Railways was developed on the base of DVM-8 locomotive.

Вариант №10.

Задание №1. Переведите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему.

« Solar power”

The sun is our most important source of energy. It warms the earth's atmosphere, vaporizes water from the oceans, drivers the resulting clouds by means of winds to the continents, where they cause rains and rivers. These drench the thirst of people, animals and of plants which draw their energy directly from sun and pass it on to us when we eat them. That has been going on since prehistoric times. Now it can do a little more. It could provide all the energy needed by a modern industrial society worldwide for the indefinite future; which no “conventional” energy source could do. It could do it easy, without the pollution and hazards associated with those exhaustible sources. Most people still would like that, especially if they knew that it can be done profitably. They are not supposed to be aware of that, and a major effort is expended to make them believe that it would require economic sacrifices rather than benefits. In the 1970s, there was widespread enthusiasm, and a genuine grassroots movement emerged in the U.S., in anticipation of an imminent transition to an economy based on the solar sources of energy that came in the wake of the first “oil shock” and boycott (1973). There are some, who fear a transition to solar power, and they are very powerful and determined. Instead of being confined to a few small

”niche markets”, new solar technologies could easily have supplied a double -digit percentage of energy used by now. All that we maintained at the time was that it could be very substantial starting profitably almost immediately. It was /is the prime example of confluence, rather than conflict, of environmental and economic wellness. It is essential for sustainable development worldwide, i.e. also in industrial countries. The main key to serious direct solar energy is that the sunlight first be focused, concentrated. Inexpensive, high-grade focusing devices could have been available by easy mass- production in the 70-s.

Вопросы к тексту:

1) What is the sun for our life?

2) What could the sun provide for the mankind nowadays?

3) When and why was a widespread enthusiasm concerning solar energy?

4) What is the main key to serious direct solar energy?

Задание №2.Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания: to vaporize, exhaustible sources, solar technology, to focus, a photovoltaic power plant, to refract,an encapsulated module,to tackle a problem,diffuse,to provide, a modern industrial society.

Задание № 3.

 Переведите предложения, обратите внимание на глаголы - сказуемые в форме страдательного залога.

 

1. New locomotives to be built by the end of the year will have ventilating fans of a new type.

2. One of the most important railway problems is the problem of increasing train speed.

3. The new locos to be produced for the October line are expected to develop maximum speed of more than 200 km/h.

4.  We saw the new locomotive start from the station.

5. Fuel oil supply to the diesel engine is provided from the oil tank through filters by two pumps driven by electric motors.

6. Fifteen 1,800hp diesel-electric locos are to be delivered to the Brazilian Railways, all of them having been produced by the Hungarian plants.

7. The first World Locomotive Exhibition are stated to have been held in Vienna in1873 and in Paris in 1878, a Hungarian locomotive being awarded the Grand Prix in 1878.

8. The Hungarian Type DYM-11 1,000 hp diesel-locomotive built for the Egyptian Railways was developed on the base of DVM-8 locomotive.

 

Вариант №11.

Задание№1.Переведите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему.

 

1) How do the workers prepare the right-of-way?

2) On which foundation are ties and rails laid upon?

3) How have the methods of railroad building changed in recent years?

4) What is the modern method of railway construction?

5) What efficient machines are used in track construction?

6) What makes railways so popular in our life?

7) What must railways ensure the passengers with?

8) How do railways test the condition of the track?

9) How do the railwaymen call a strip of land on which the railway is built?

10) What machines are used in order to prepare the strip of land for the construction of a railway?

“The track construction”

It is not an easy job to build a railway. The railway is built on a strip of land which is called the right-of-way (полоса отвода).

The right-of-way must be carefully prepared for laying down the tracks. At first, it must be cleared from trees, bushes and then graded (выравнивать) by special machines known as grades.

After the right-of-way is cleared and graded the permanent way is constructed. Ties and rails are laid upon the ballast foundation and the ballast is packed between the ties and on each side of the track to hold the ties in place.

The methods of railroad building have changed greatly in recent years. The greatest change has been the replacement of hand labor by machines, such as powerful bulldozers, huge excavators,scrapers,grades, etc.

The most modern method of railway construction is laying the track in pre-assembled (сборный) lengths, that is, the lengths of rails to which the sleepers are already attached. This work is carried out by a high-speed track-laying crane, a wonderful machine which lays pre-assembled lengths of track in a few minutes. One of the most efficient machines of this kind is the Platov track-laying crane an output of 900-1000 meters of track per hour.

Today's railways would not be so popular but for the ever increasing speed. Super-high speeds, however, go hand in hand with safety. Indeed, no passenger would dare to go by rail unless the railways were able to ensure safe travel.

Safety depends on many factors. First of all, it is determined by the condition of the track. Track-testing cars driven slowly along the lines show the engineer where the track must be repaired and a great deal of track maintenance machines are available to keep the track well maintained.

Задание №2.Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:

railway track, sleepers, gauge, load, vehicle, permanent way,temporary,durable, length, track laying work, formation construction requirements,rolling stock, suburban operations,commuter,fare, railway transport needs,high speed railway traffic.

Задание № 3.Перепишите и переведите предложения, подчеркните глаголы- сказуемые, определите время и название действия.

1. Electronic computers have appeared on railroads of many countries. Railways introduced a new type of freight cars for transporting cement.

2. Today more powerful machines are being developed to speed up the process of building railways. The combination of rails, ballast and ties is known as the railroad track.

3. Powerful locomotives are used to draw long trains. Ballast is the element of the track which supports ties and rails and holds them in position.

4. Now sleepers on high-speed lines are made of concrete. In order to reduce the number of joints the rails are welded into continuous lengths.

5. Long -welded rails have greater strength and provide a smoother running of trains at far greater speeds. Railroads are used for transportation of freight and for travel.

6. A special mechanizm is used on railways to make the trains pass from one track to another. Railways have become the most efficient and the safest means of transportation.

7. The sleepers for high speed railways are made of concrete. The gauge on Russian railways is wider than in European countries.

8. A wide network of railways has been electrified. The greater weight of concrete sleepers provide the greater stability of track.

9. Russia was the word's first country where the uniform gauge was adopted by all railways. The place where the ends of the rails

 meet in the track is known as the rail joint.

10. The rail joint has always been the weakest part of the track. The train reduces its speed when it is coming up to the station.

 

Вариант № 12

Задание№1.Переведите текст и письменно ответьте на вопросы к нему.

1. What kind of tractive power is used on suburban lines?

2. What countries are among the earliest to be converted to electric haulage?

3. What requirements does the ER-200 train meet?

4. How much time does the ER-200 train need to cover the distance between Moscow and Petersburg?

5. What made it possible for the ER-200 train to attain higher speeds?

6. What made it possible to facilitate the job of a driver in the ER-200 train?

7. What equipment do the coaches of the train ER-200 have?

8. What is the shape of the ER-200 train?

9. What do the passengers of the train have at their disposal?

10. How much time do the passengers require now to get from Moscow to St. Petersburg?

" Railway electrification”

World railways are now busy in search of ways to increase their economic efficiency and the speeds of passenger and goods trains. One essential condition to achieve this is electric traction.

In spite of having a relatively short history electric traction has made a remarkable progress. Now one can say railways perform valuable service on every continent.

When we study the geographical location of the routes over which electric traction is employed, we see first of all that the suburban railway routes of big cities with their dense and constant traffic are operated by electric trains. We see again, that the heavily-used trunk lines are most efficiently operated by electricity. Further, railways in mountainous country, with heavy, gradients, are among the earliest to be converted to electric haulage.

ER-200 train now operating on a commercial basis is worth mentioning. This train meets the requirements of high speeds, safety and passenger comfort. A lot of preparatory work had to be done on the Oktyabrskaya Railway before the ER-200 was put into service. Running on some sections at 200 kp/h the train covers a distance of 650km between Moscow and Leningrad in 4 hours 39 minutes thus cutting the journey time by 4 hours compared with the previous schedules.

Many latest achievements of railway technology have been incorporated in the new Soviet express train. The stream -lined shape of the whole train cuts down air friction and allows higher speeds to be attained. The driving compartment being equipped with cab signaling, the driver has at all times, signals displayed before him. The job of the locomotive driver has been greatly facilitated. Pushing a controller is all he must do to start or brake down the train.

The coaches the ER-200 is composed of are extremely comfortable, being supplied with air-conditioning, sound-proof windows and soft aircraft-like seats. The passengers who happen to travel by the new Soviet express have snack-bars at their disposal. Their journey is accompanied by background music.

Задание №2. Переведите следующие словосочетания :

 an electric traction, electric motors, electricity, discovery, the current transmission, power supply,unsuitable, circuit, overhead line,

high speed electric train power, direct and alternating currents,the introduction of electric traction on railways, rectifiers.

Задание № 3 . Переведите следующие предложения :

1. Electrification is one of the ways to increase the railway efficiency. In designing high-speed vehicles we must take into account control equipment, tractive power and stability.

2.  The substations located along the line convert a.c. to d.c. A special rail is used on the underground railways to conduct electricity to the trains.

3. If the trains run with very shot intervals, we say that the railway carries dense traffic. The generation of electricity from the sun energy is now quite realizable.

4. The operation cost of electrified railways is relatively low. All electrified trunk lines use the overhead power supply system which is called catenary.

5. High efficiency and great reliability are the chief advantages of electric haulage. Metro trains are furnished with electric current by means of the conductor rail.

6. The electric energy which drives the trains may be taken from the overhead wire. To convert a railway to electric haulage will require costly reconstruction work.

7. The speed attained by modern trains is often limited by the conditions of the track. The voltage of the electric current is lowered at the substation.

8. The speed record on electrified railways belong to the French locomotives. The high cost of automic control system is economically justified.

9. Electric haulage is particularly attractive in mountainous countries. After electrification this line will be serviced by multiple-unit trains.

10. Due to numerous machines less time is required for the workers to repair the catenary. The transformers are used to lower the voltage of the alternating current.

Вариант№ 13.

Задание №1. Переведите текст и ответьте письменно на вопросы:

“Modern Russian passenger cars”

The Russian railways are known to be the most important form of transportation in this country and they will maintain their dominant position for a very long time in future. Different types of passenger and freight trains can be seen on Russian railways. We are to distinguish long-distance and suburban trains as a well as express, fast and local trains.

As a rule, any long-distance train is to consist of several comfortable sleeping cars and some coaches for those who travel only by day. Luggage and mail cars are usually placed at the train head. The luggage cars have large sliding doors through which trunks and other articles of baggage may be loaded and unloaded. Besides that, every train is supposed to have a restaurant or dining car. All cars are fitted with a hot water heating system and are lighted with electricity. Sleeping cars are always of a corridor-compartment type, each compartment having four berths.

Unlike sleeping cars, all coaches are cars with double row of seats and gangway between the rows. Toilets and compartments for the attendants are provided at each end of the coach. The passenger saloon are finished internally partly with veneer and partly with plastics and synthetic materials which have become quite common in recent years and are widely used nowadays for passenger car construction.

There are many routes in Russia on which diesel multiple-unit trains run. Suburban diesel train sets of modern design operate on Russian Railways. These sets consist of two power or motor cars and two intermediate trailers, the number of seats in motor cars being 77, in trailers 128. Fittings include luggage racks and coat hangers. Special air heating and ventilation system maintains the proper temperature inside the car. In summer when the heating is off, the same equipment provides ventilation.

Задание №2. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:

corridor-compartment type car, head end cars, four-car sets, attendant compartment berth, large baggage car doors, passenger saloon seats, long-distance train cars, end coach seat arrangement, coach end seat rows, peak hour commuter trains.

Задание № 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в страдательном залоге.

This car was built at the Riga Works, it is used on international lines.

The history of cars is very interesting, it should be studied properly.

Everybody must know that the first sleeping cars were invented in the USA.

Electric train cars were built at the Riga Works.

A great number of cars is being built now for all railways of our country.

The car which you could see in the deport will be coupled to the train 15.

New cars are usually tested in a special train.

 The cars that are built today become more and more comfortable.

Modern passenger cars are very strong since they are made of steel.

Washrooms are provided at both ends of the car.

 


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