Can one be angry with oneself?

Человек может сердиться на самого себя?

К числу указательных местоимений относятся this, that, such и same.

Местоимения this и that изменяются по числам: this man - these men; that house - those houses.

Местоимения this и these указывают на предметы, которые находятся рядом с говорящим, a that и those - на предметы, находящиеся на расстоянии.

Take this apple. It’s bigger.

Возьми вот это яблоко. Оно больше.

Have you seen these potatoes?

Ты видел эту картошку?

Can you see that village?

Ты видишь деревню вон там?

Look at those people. Do you know what they’re looking for?

Посмотри вон на тех людей. Ты знаешь, что они ищут?

Местоимение such значит такой, такого типа, такого вида. После этого местоимения перед исчисляемым существительным в единственном числе употребляется неопределенный артикль; в остальных случаях - нулевой:

I’ve never seen such a film before.

Я никогда не видел такого фильма раньше.

I know such people. They’ve made such great progress.

Я знаю таких людей. Они сделали такие большие успехи.

Местоимение same значит тот же самый, та же самая, то же самое. Оно служит лимитирующим определением, и перед ним всегда употребляется определенный артикль:

This summer we’ll go to the same place as last year.

Этим летом мы поедем в то же самое место, где были в прошлом году.

Неопределенные местоимения. К числу неопределенных местоимений относятся:

1) местоимения some, any, no.

Местоимение some (какой-то, какое-то количество, несколько) может употребляться как существительное и как прилагательное, например:

I can buy you some ice-cream.

Я могу купить тебе мороженого.

2) сложные местоимения, производные от some-, any- и no-: someone, anyone, no one; somebody, anybody, nobody; something, anything, nothing.

Все эти местоимения функционируют в предложении как существительные, и к ним применимы те же правила употребления в разных типах предложений, как и для some, any и n о.

Местоимения, образованные с помощью -one и -body, употребляются только в отношении людей и сочетаются с глаголом в единственном числе:

There is someone (somebody) in the office.

В офисе кто-то есть.

Is there anyone (anybody) at home?

Дома кто-нибудь есть?

3) Местоимение non е употребляется как в отношении людей, так и вещей. В зависимости от смысла может сочетаться с глаголом в единственном и во множественном числе:

None of us knows Spanish.

Никто (ни один человек) из нас не знает испанского языка.

None of them really know how ill she is.

Никто не знает (все не знают), как она больна.

К числу вопросительных местоимений относятся who ( whom ), whose, what, which, how many и how much. Все они используются при образовании вопросительных предложений.

Местоимение who (кто) употребляется по отношению к лицам:

Who is coming with me?

Кто пойдет со мной?

Who are the people over there?

Кто вон те люди?

Местоимение whose (чей) обычно употребляется как прилагательное, например:

Whose car is it?

Чей это автомобиль?

Местоимение what может употребляться как существительное (что) у тогда оно относится к неодушевленным предметам, и как прилагательное (какой, какая, какие):

What do you mean?

Что ты имеешь в виду?

What are you going to ask him about?

О чем ты собираешься его спрашивать?

Местоимение which (который) подразумевает выбор и употребляется как существительное и как прилагательное:

Which of your friends is coming tonight?

Кто (который) из твоих друзей придет сегодня?

Which pen does the cap belong to?

Этот колпачок от какой (которой) ручки?

Наречие. Классификация наречий по значению и их употреблению. Место наречия в предложении. Степени сравнения наречий.

Наречия представляют собой неоднородный класс слов. Прежде всего, они сильно различаются по своей структуре. Одни из них - простые слова (here, well, why), другие образуются с помощью суффикса -ly (slowly, happily), третьи являются сложными словами (nowhere, downstairs, afterwards), четвертые составляют целые словосочетания (at first, all of a sudden, the day after tomorrow).

Наречия также очень разнообразны по своему значению, поэтому их делят на подклассы:

1) наречия времени - now, then, yesterday, soon, recently и т. д.;

2) наречия частотности - often, sometimes, ever, constantly и т. д.;

3) наречия места и направления - here, everywhere, below, inside, abroad и т. д.;

4) наречия образа действия - badly, quickly, suddenly, deeply, willingly, dryly и т. д.

Большинство наречий этого подкласса образовано от соответствующих прилагательных с помощью суффикса -1у, например: slow - slowly, careful - carefully.

5) наречия степени - very, highly, perfectly, completely, much, too, so, little, enough и т. д.

6) наречия следствия и причины - therefore, consequently, as a result и т. д.;

7) наречия, выражающие точку зрения, - theoretically, personally, economically, technically, financially и т. д.

8) вопросительные наречия - when, where, how и why, которые участвуют в образовании вопросов.

9) модальные наречия - certainly, of course, surely, really, indeed, perhaps, possibly, evidently и др.

10) отрицательные наречия, одни из которых выражают полное отрицание события (never, nowhere), а другие показывают, что оно практически не состоялось (hardly, barely, scarcely, seldom, rarely).

Общим для всех наречий являются их функции в предложении: они поясняют глаголы, прилагательные или другие наречия, указывая на различные обстоятельства, при которых совершается действие:

Не ate slowly.

Он ел медленно.

It was a remarkably good show.

Это был исключительно хороший спектакль.

Наречия well, badly, far, near, late образуют степени сравнения, так же как и соответствующие прилагательные, не по общему правилу.

Глагол. Видовременные формы глаголов в действительном и страдательном залоге.

По своему обобщенному лексическому значению глаголы могут быть охарактеризованы как слова, обозначающие процессы в широком смысле этого слова: to do, to live, to speak, to see.

По форме глаголы отличаются от других частей речи тем, что они могут выражать грамматические категории времени, вида, залога, наклонения, лица и числа.

Отличительной чертой английского глагола является его развитая система видовременных форм, которая складывается из:

1) трех времен - настоящего (the Present), прошедшего (the Past) и будущего (the Future);

2) трех видов - неопределенного (Indefinite или Simple), представляющего действие в самом общем виде; длительного (Continuous), представляющего действие в его развитии в указанный момент; свершенного (Perfect), представляющего действие в завершенном виде и соотнесенного с указанным моментом.

Глагол в английском языке может употребляться в двух видах залога: Active Voice и Passive Voice.

Также рекомендуется приступить к изучению разговорных тем программы дисциплины «Английский язык (профессиональная лексика)».

Задания по вариантам

Вариант 1

1 Преобразуйте существительные в единственном числе во множественное:

Industry, college, class, chief, hotel-keeper, woman-doctor, fan, shop, video, chair.

2 Перепишите предложения, раскрыв скобки и использовав подходящую видо-временную форму глагола. Предложения переведите.

1 He already (to go) to university.

2 I (to write) to my parents a fortnight ago, but I (not to get) a reply yet.

3 The sun (to shine) and the birds (to sing) now.

4 She (to get up) early tomorrow morning.

5 When she (to speak) to him? – She (to speak) to him last week.

3 Перепишите предложения, вставив артикли а, an, the там, где необходимо. Предложения переведите.

1 I bought … new dress … last week. … dress is made of … silk.

2 Who’s … boy standing near … window? – This is Peter, … friend of mine.

3 He lives … big house in … Bond Street not far from … office where he works.

4 Once … week I am on duty. Then I come to … school very early.

5 Her brother goes to … same school she does.

4 Перепишите предложение и задайте к нему 5 типов вопросов:

Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property.

5 Прочитайте текст, переведите его на русский язык:

Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. The vast majority of building construction projects are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project. However, all building construction projects include some elements in common – design, financial, and legal considerations. Many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns; those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.

For projects of large size or unusual type, the owner will likely establish a team of workers and advisors to create an overall plan. This ensures that the project will proceed in an orderly way to a desirable end.

Задания по вариантам

Вариант 2

1 Преобразуйте существительные в единственном числе во множественное:

Scarf, pen, postman, dish, child, zoo, department, reform, foot, day.

1) I can’t hear what you (to say), the traffic (to make) too much noise.

2) He (not to receive) any letters from her this week.

3) Ann still (to work) at six o’clock tomorrow.

4) If he (to come), I (to ask) him about it.

5) John never (to go) to bed before 11 p.m.

3 Перепишите предложения, вставив артикли а, an, the там, где необходимо. Предложения переведите.

1) She was … small woman, … little shorter than her husband.

2) There’s … boy in … room. … boy is drawing … picture of … dog.

3) Mrs. Evans is … middle-aged woman. She is … Jane’s aunt.

4) Ernest Hemingway is … great American writer.

5) … large river-boat was going down … Mississippi on its way to … New Orleans.

4Перепишите предложение и задайте к нему 5 типов вопросов:

Construction engineers analyze information to keep a project under budget.

5 Прочитайте текст, переведите его на русский язык:

Construction engineers have many different kinds of abilities they use to do their job. Construction engineers use these abilities to communicate with other workers and to solve problems. They also have to use their abilities to know what kinds of materials to order and how to get those materials while staying under the budget.

Construction engineers have many activities that they have to do every day. Those activities include drafting, decision making, computer interaction, communication, documenting, creative thinking, organizing, information collecting, estimating, and analyzing. Construction engineers use drafting to design structures and to show others how to build them. They have to analyze information and make the best decision and solve problems. Computers are an important tool used by construction engineers. Most documenting is done with the help of computers.

Задания по вариантам

Вариант 3

1 Преобразуйте существительные в единственном числе во множественное:

Owner, looker-on, dress, faculty, wife, safe, woman, boyfriend, end, German.

1) That light (to shine) in my eyes. Please turn it off.

2) He (to be) 15 years old next Friday.

3) Hurry up! The bus (to leave) in an hour and you still haven’t got your things ready.

4) Why you (to look) so sad? – Anything (to happen)?

5) What you (to do)? – I’m a dentist.

3 Перепишите предложения, вставив артикли а, an, the там, где необходимо. Предложения переведите.

1) Ted is going to have … party.

2) You must take … medicine twice … day, in … morning and in … evening.

3) I can’t open … door. Will you help me?

4) It was … poorest room Hilary had ever seen.

5) This is … good computer, but it isn’t as good as … one I had yesterday.

4 Перепишите предложение и задайте к нему 5 типов вопросов:

Construction engineers build structures that are used by people every day.

5 Прочитайте текст, переведите его на русский язык:

Construction engineers build structures that are used by people every day so they have to be safe and be able to withstand the elements. To complete the job properly construction engineers have to have the knowledge of many different aspects. Those aspects include engineering, technology, design, math, construction, customer service, management, transportation, public safety, and computers. They use the engineering, technology, and math aspects to make sure they build the structure to the set standards. They also use customer service, and management knowledge to deal with the people that could possibly buy the structure.

There are other skills needed to be a construction engineer. Critical thinking, problem solving, monitoring, and decision making are all important in construction engineering. Construction engineers have to be able to think about all aspects of a problem and listen to other’s ideas.

Задания по вариантам

Вариант 4

1 Преобразуйте существительные в единственном числе во множественное:

Boss, restaurant, custom-house, textbook, city, cliff, person, university, book, fish.

1) Mary (to be) in the kitchen now.

2) Water (to boil) at 100° Centigrade.

3) You ever (to be) to this picture gallery? – I (to be) here last year.

4) It (to be) the most interesting book I ever (to read).

5) The new production of our local theatre (to criticize) in one of the newspapers last week.

3 Перепишите предложения, вставив артикли а, an, the там, где необходимо. Предложения переведите.

1) It was … beautiful day. … sun was shining brightly in … sky.

2) She was … most beautiful girl I had ever seen.

3) His advice helped me to make … right decision.

4) I had … argument with him yesterday about … best way to do the job.

5) In … 1960s … adaptation of Galsworthy’s «The Forsyte Saga» was … most popular British TV series ever known till then.

4 Перепишите предложение и задайте к нему 5 типов вопросов:

Construction engineering concerns the planning and management of the construction of structures.

5 Прочитайте текст, переведите его на русский язык:

Construction engineers build many of the things that people use every day. Construction engineering concerns the planning and management of the construction of structures such as highways, bridges, airports, railroads, buildings, dams, and reservoirs. Construction of such projects requires knowledge of engineering and management principles and business procedures, economics, and human behavior. Construction engineers engage in the design of structures, cost estimating, planning and scheduling, materials procurement, selection of equipment, and cost control.

Construction engineers have a lot of responsibilities in their job. Certain tasks have to be completed every day in order to get the job done correctly.

Задания по вариантам

Вариант 5

1 Преобразуйте существительные в единственном числе во множественное:

Boy, name, shelf, beginning, map, piano, hero, handkerchief, week, fox.

1) When we arrived we (to learn) that the train (to leave).

2) How many books you (to read) since March? – Just a few. – When you (to read) «Jane Eyre»? – Last month.

3) They (to live) in Spain for a few years and then (to move) to France.

4) You ever (to be) to London? - Yes, I (to be) there in 1984.

5) Tom usually (to walk) but yesterday he (to go) to work by bus.

3 Перепишите предложения, вставив артикли а, an, the там, где необходимо. Предложения переведите.

1) Jack is … fast runner. He is … best runner in his school.

2) She is … most generous person I’ve ever met.

3) … children learn a lot from playing.

4) Paris, … capital of France, is one of … most beautiful cities in the world.

5) She was … girl of about 22, with … large brown eyes and … pale face.

4 Перепишите предложение и задайте к нему 5 типов вопросов:

Construction provides jobs to thousands of specialists having different types of education.

5 Прочитайте текст, переведите его на русский язык:

Construction is one of the largest industries in our country. It provides jobs to thousands of specialists having different types of education. Construction engineers follow the plans of architects and sometimes design the actual structure. After the structure has been designed the engineers make sure it has been built correctly by testing and overseeing the construction.

Construction engineers have a lot of responsibilities in their job. Certain tasks have to be completed every day in order to get the job done correctly. Analyzing reports is a main part of their job description. They must analyze maps, drawings, aerial photography and other topographical information. Construction engineers also have to use software to design hydraulic systems, they have to calculate loads to ensure that the structure can withstand stress.

Задания по вариантам

Вариант 6

1 Преобразуйте существительные в единственном числе во множественное:

Government, speech, desk, housewife, ox, wedding, louse, Englishman, hat, roof.

1) I (not to see) George for a long time. He (to change) very much?

2) What you (to do) tomorrow evening? – I (to go) to the theatre.

3) He is still ill but he (to get) better now.

4) I (not to go) to work yesterday because I (not to be) very well.

5) My children (to study) English since last year.

3 Перепишите предложения, вставив артикли а, an, the там, где необходимо. Предложения переведите.

1) These are really … very nice flowers. Where did you get them?

2) I don’t like … sugar in my tea.

3) Why aren’t … children at … school today?

4) She saw … old woman sitting in the corner. … old woman greeted her.

5) I’m tasting … pudding to see if it needs more sugar.

4 Перепишите предложение и задайте к нему 5 типов вопросов:

Concrete is an artificial building material used in the construction industry.

5 Прочитайте текст, переведите его на русский язык:

The most common form of concrete consists of Portland cement, construction aggregate (generally gravel and sand) and water. Concrete does not solidify from drying after mixing and placement; the water reacts with the cement in a chemical process known as hydration. This water is absorbed by cement, which hardens, gluing the other components together and eventually creating a stone-like material. Often, additives are included in the mixture to improve the physical properties of the wet mix or the finished material.

Concrete is used more than any other man-made material on the planet. It is used to make pavements, building structures, foundations, motorways/roads, overpasses, parking structures, brick/block walls and bases for gates, fences and poles. Today, large concrete structures (for example, dams and multi-story car parks) are usually made with reinforced concrete.

Задания по вариантам

Вариант 7

1 Преобразуйте существительные в единственном числе во множественное:

Swine, life, bridge, world, sheep, camp, month, deer, house, building.

1) How long you (to know) the man? - I (to know) him for six months.

2) The secretary (to type) the report by the time her boss returned to the office.

3) Let’s go out now. It (not to rain) any more.

4) The phone (to ring). Can somebody answer it?

5) Jenny (to bathe) in the Red Sea when she (to see) a dolphin.

3 Перепишите предложения, вставив артикли а, an, the там, где необходимо. Предложения переведите.

1) Is it … big hotel? - Yes, it’s … biggest hotel in the city.

2) It was … cold night in … Rocky Mountains.

3) Today is … only day that I’m free.

4) Don’t cross … railway lines here. It’s … dangerousplace.

5) I didn’t know that … snakes could swim. - But it is not … snake, it is … eel.

4 Перепишите предложение и задайте к нему 5 типов вопросов:

Wood has been used as a construction material for thousands of years.

5 Прочитайте текст, переведите его на русский язык:

Wood has been used for thousands of years for fuel, as a construction material, for making tools and weapons, furniture and paper. Wood is a product of trees used for construction purposes when cut or pressed into lumber such as boards, planks and similar materials. It is a building material and can be used in any type of structure in most climates. Wood can be very flexible under loads, keeping strength while bending, and is incredibly strong when compressed vertically. There are many differing qualities to the different types of wood, even among same tree species. This means specific species are better for various uses than others. And growing conditions are important for deciding quality.

New domestic housing in many parts of the world today is commonly made from timber-framed construction. Wood products are becoming a bigger part of the construction industry. They may be used in both residential and commercial buildings as structural and aesthetic materials.

Задания по вариантам

Вариант 8

1 Преобразуйте существительные в единственном числе во множественное:

Tooth, professor, valley, goose, book, thief, tomato, letter, tourist, knife.

1) It (to cost) two dollars a pound.

2) We first (to meet) in 2016. So we (to know) each other for three years.

3) I (to live) in London and I (to work) there, too. I’m a computer engineer.

4) The dog (to bite) the boy when he entered the garden.

5) My sister (to talk) to somebody on the phone when I (to enter) the room.

3 Перепишите предложения, вставив артикли а, an, the там, где необходимо. Предложения переведите.

1) … weather was very warm … whole week. But at … end of … week it became rather chilly.

2) Dereck is … teacher in … school in … London.

3) Do you know when … city of Brussels was founded?

4) She is going to visit … India and … China.

5) This is … last time I’m ever going to … cinema with you.

4 Перепишите предложение и задайте к нему 5 типов вопросов:

A brick is building material often used to make walls.

5 Прочитайте текст, переведите его на русский язык:

A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to denote any rectangular units laid in mortar. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials.

Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks. Fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials, sometimes referred to as artificial stone, and have been used since ancient times. Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns, collectively known as brickwork. Bricks may be laid in various kinds of mortar to hold them together to make a durable structure.

Задания по вариантам

Вариант 9

1 Преобразуйте существительные в единственном числе во множественное:

Wife, fish, glass, box, lady, park, company, woman, family, friend.

1) Fred (to wake up) late and (to miss) his breakfast on Wednesday.

2) What you (to do) here? I thought you left hours ago.

3) These goods (to insure) against damage.

4) She (to work) here for 10 years. She (to start) in 2007.

5) St Patrick’s day (to celebrate) enthusiastically by Irish people all over the world.

3 Перепишите предложения, вставив артикли а, an, the там, где необходимо. Предложения переведите.

1) … Rhine is longer than … Thames but it’s not … longest river in the world.

2) Robin Hood is … legendary hero that … children learn about from … books.

3) … first three questions are easy.

4) It was … terrible journey. … plane was overcrowded.

5) … Great Britain is washed by … NorthSea.

4 Перепишите предложение и задайте к нему 5 типов вопросов:

Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings.

5 Прочитайте текст, переведите его на русский язык:

Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacturing of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, insulation, plumbing, and roofing work.

Metal is one of the building materials. Nowadays metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Corrosion is metal's prime enemy when it comes to longevity.

Задания по вариантам

Вариант 10

1 Преобразуйте существительные в единственном числе во множественное:

Man, teacher, room, child, carpet, photo, foot, station, mouse, leaf.

1) It still (to rain). When it (to start) to rain an hour ago, I thought it (to stop) soon.

2) Jane (to recover) yet? – No, she (to be) still in hospital.

3) She’s the best secretary that ever (to work) here.

4) After he (to award) the medal, the crowd stood up and sang the national anthem.

5) What’s this music? It (to sound) like jazz.

3 Перепишите предложения, вставив артикли а, an, the там, где необходимо. Предложения переведите.

1) When … boss arrives, we’ll ask him his opinion.

2) It’s … pleasure to be at … seaside on … hot summer day.

3) It’s … highly amusing story. There’s plenty of action in … play.

4) … end of the party came as … complete surprise.

5) They say it’s … beautiful restaurant serving … food of … highest quality.

4 Перепишите предложение и задайте к нему 5 типов вопросов:

Construction is the process of creating a building or infrastructure.

5 Прочитайте текст, переведите его на русский язык:

Construction is the process of creating a building or infrastructure. It differs from manufacturing because manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries. Construction starts with planning, design, and financing; it continues until the project is built and ready for use.

Large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines. A project manager normally manages the job, and a construction manager, design engineer, construction engineer or architect supervises it. There are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industrial construction.

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