Переведите на русский язык слова и выражения

 

are made up of particles called atoms

the smallest recognizable particle of an element

the existence of atoms

put forward the theory

showed experimentally

definite properties

indivisible and indestructable

 

Выпишите из текста слова, имеющие одинаковое звучание и значение с русским языком:

 

 

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Who put forward the theory that all matter was composed of atoms?

2. What did Daltonassume in his atomic theory?

 

ВАРИАНТ 7

Matter is composed of tiny particles called the atoms. The atom is a complex unit of various particles, the most important of which are elec­trons, protons and neutrons.

Scientists have found that the differences between atoms of different elements are due to differences in the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and to differences in the arrangement of the electrons sur­rounding the nucleus. The mass of the atom is concentrated almost entirely in the nucleus.

The chemical properties of different elements can be explained by the structure of the atom. Chemical changes involve a shifting of outer (valence) electrons so that a shell is achieved. The activity of metals and non-metals is related to the size of the atom and to the number of electrons in the external orbit.

The valence or combining capacity of an atom is determined by the number of electrons it gains, loses or shares in chemical combination with atoms of other elements. Atoms also may be joined to other atoms by sharing pairs of electrons. This process produces covalent compounds. These are generally gases or liquids with low boiling points. Oxidation involves the loss of electrons by the elements. The process is accompanied by the algebraic increase in valence. Reduction, on the other hand, involves a gain of electrons by the substance reduced. This process is accompanied by an algebraic decrease in valence.

 

Notes

are due to - обусловлены algebraic increase - алгебраическое увеличение

on the other hand - с другой стороны

algebraic decrease - алгебраическое уменьшение

 

Переведите на русский язык слова и выражения

complex unit of various particles

differences in the number of protons and neutrons

the chemical properties of different elements

chemical changes

an algebraic decrease in valence

 

 

Выпишите из текста слова, имеющие одинаковое звучание и значение с русским языком:

 

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is atom?

 

2. What is the differences between atoms of different elements?

 

ВАРИАНТ 8

For long the atom was considered indivisible, but during the last seventy years it has been shown that this idea is untrue and that the atom is itself a complicated structure of very much smaller constituent particles.

These ideas have led to the present conception of the general structure of the atom, that it consists of a kind of solar system in which particles called electrons play the part of planets and move in orbits round a central sun called the nucleus.

The electrons are extremely light and each carries a negative charge of electricity. The nucleus on the other hand is very heavy compared with the electrons. The nucleus carries a positive electrical charge which is of greatest importance as it determines the chemical nature of the atom. In a normal atom the total of all the charges of the electrons must be equal to the charge of the nucleus, so that the atom is electrically neutral.

The nucleus is itself made up of elementary particles of which there are two principal sorts: protons and neutrons.

Proton is the basic particle of all atomic nuclei. It has a single positive encharge equal to that of an electron which is negative. It is a comparatively heavy particle. Neutron is a particle which is present in all nuclei except hydrogen. It has a mass slightly larger than that of a proton, but no charge, either positive or negative, a property which allows it, when free, to penetrate into all nuclei.

All substances on the earth as well as out of it are made up of atoms. There are 92elements found in nature, and the difference between one element and another is in the structure of its atoms.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an element determine its atomic number, whereas the total of protons and neutrons determines its atomic weight

Notes:

For long - в течение долгого времени

То play the part - играть роль.

Переведите на русский язык слова и выражения

- is itself a complicated structure of very much smaller constituent particles

 

- the general structure of the atom

- a negative charge of electricity

- a positive electrical charge

- the atom is electrically neutral

 

Выпишите из текста слова, имеющие одинаковое звучание и значение с русским языком:

 

 

Ответьте на вопросы:

2. What is the conception of the general structure of the atom?

What does determine atomic number and atomic weight of an element

 

 

Вариант 9

The History of Organic Chemistry.

      The origins of organic chemistry lie in remote antiquity; even then the fermentation of ethyl alcohol and dyeing with indigo were known.        A great role in the development of organic chemistry belongs to A. Lavoisier, who developed the fundamental quantitative methods for determining the composition of chemical compounds.      The term “organic chemistry” was introduced by Berzelius in 1827. The first synthesis of an organic compound was achieved by Wö hler. In 1853, Frankland, while studying organometallic compounds, introduced the concept of valence. In 1857 was proved that carbon exists in the tetravalent state. In 1861, Butlerov introduced several new concepts into organic chemistry: the chemical bond and the bonding order of atoms in a molecule. By the end of the 19th century, much factual material had been accumulated, including material on aromatic compounds. In particular, the chemistry of benzene, a substance discovered by M. Faraday in 1825, was widely studied. In 1865 was proposed the first benzene theory of the structure of aromatic compounds, which assumed that carbon atoms in organic compounds may form rings.       Organic chemistry entered a new phase in the mid-20th century. In the early 1940’s the concept of polymers as substances consisting of macromolecules dictated consideration of polymers as a qualitatively new object of chemical and physical investigation. The synthesis of a gene may be considered the most significant achievement of synthetic organic chemistry.       Rapid structural analysis of complex organic compounds and the quick solution of many important problems have been made possible by progress in the theory and development of various physical research methods.

Выполните анализ лексического состава текста.

I. Руководствуясь контекстом, переведите следующие слова:

Compounds, to introduce, benzene, a ring, to advance, investigation, a gene, achievement, solution, to consider.

II. Переведите следующие словосочетания:

Remote antiquity, quantitative methods, the chemical bond, aromatic compounds, a new phase, the most significant achievement, various physical research methods.

Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1) Who introduced the term “organic chemistry”?

2) Who was the first synthesis of an organic compound achieved by?

3) When was benzene discovered?

4)  When did organic chemistry enter a new phase?

5) What is considered the most significant achievement of synthetic organic chemistry?

Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.

1) Большая роль в развитии органической химии принадлежит Лавуазье.

2) Бутлеров ввёл несколько новых понятий в органическую химию.

3) Атомы углерода в органических соединениях могут образовывать кольца.

4) Полимеры это вещества, состоящие из макромолекул.

5)  Синтез гена можно считать самым значительным достижением синтетической органической химии.

 

 

Вариант 10

⇐ Предыдущая12

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