Explain the standards in the field of ICT

The Evolution of ICT

What is ICT?

ICT stands for information communication technology. This can be described as everything from the very first alphabets and hand signals through to tweeting and texting.

Premechanical. This is the earliest age of information technology. The communication methods during this time included mostly oral communication, as well as some of the very first alphabets. This is where we see hieroglyphics and the Phoenician alphabet

Mechanical. Many new technologies came about in this era as interest in ICT grew. During this period, Charles Babbage created the first sort of calculator and a mechanical computer was manufactured by Blaise Pascal.

Electromechanical. This was the beginning of telecommunications. Famous inventions such as the telephone, morse code and telegraph came about in this time. The very first automatic digital computer was created during this period also.

Electronic. This is the age we live in today. In our current society, we are using all kinds of technology to communicate such as texting, tweeting, social media and smartphones.

Future of Technology.

As our needs grow and our ideas expand, there is an endless expansion of technology available. New inventions could see us going inside virtual worlds, or maybe even inhabiting outer space...

Only time will tell what the future of technology will hold.

Explain the standards in the field of ICT

35.020 Information technology (IT) in general

ST RK 34.005-2002 Information technology.

SТ РК 34.007-2002 Information technology. Telecommunication networks.

SТ РК 34.015-2002 Information technology. Set of standards for automated systems.

SТ РК 34.020-2006 Information protection. Technical means of information protection. Emitters of radiation. General technical requirements -

ST RK 34.021-2006 Information protection. Technical means of information protection. Spatial noise generators.

ST RK 1184-2003 The quality of official information.

ST RK ISOMEK 27001-2007 Information technology. Methods and means of ensuring security. Information security management systems.

ST RK GOST R 50739-2006 Means of computer facilities. Protection against unauthorized access to information.

ST RK GOST R 51275-2006 (GOST R 51275-99, IDT) Means of computer facilities. Protection against unauthorized access to information.

ST RK GOST 52292-2007 Electronic information interchange. Terms and Definitions

ST RK GOST R IEC 60950-2005 Safety of Information Technology Equipment

Explain development of necessary infrastructure of electronic payments and logistics

Examples of the e-Technology include e-Commerce, e-Business, e-Procurement and e-Logistics.

Smart card – a plastic card containing a processor and memory chip. It can be used to store large amounts of confidential data.

A smart card, typically a type of chip card, is a plastic card that contains an embedded computer chip–either a memory or microprocessor type–that stores and transacts data. This data is usually associated with either value, information, or both and is stored and processed within the card's chip. The card data is transacted via a reader that is part of a computing system. Systems that are enhanced with smart cards are in use today throughout several key applications, including healthcare, banking, entertainment, and transportation. All applications can benefit from the added features and security that smart cards provide. According to Eurosmart, worldwide smart card shipments will grow 10% in 2010 to 5.455 billion cards. Markets that have been traditionally served by other machine readable card technologies, such as barcode and magnetic stripe, are converting to smart cards as the calculated return on investment is revisited by each card issuer year after year.

Explain the evolution of OS

An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of its software and hardware. It also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer's language. Without an operating system, a сomputer is useless. Watch the video below to learn more about operating systems. Types of operating systems

Operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer you buy. Most people use the operating system that comes with their computer, but it's possible to upgrade or even change operating systems. The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.

Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). A GUI lets you use your mouse to click icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and text.

Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a different operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern operating systems are designed to be easy to use, and most of the basic principles are the same.

	Operating systems	Years	Who developed
1-st OS	MS DOS	1980	Tim Paterson
1-st OS with GUI	Windows	1985	Bill Gayts
1-st OS for mobile technol	Android	2007	Andi Rubin
Multiuser OS	Linux	1983	Linus Torvalds
Multiuser OS	Unix	1969	Ken Thomson

Microsoft Windows. Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. Over the years, there have been many different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007). Windows comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world.

Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It comes preloaded on all new Macintosh computers, or Macs. All of the recent versions are known as OS X (pronounced O-S Ten), and the specific versions include El Capitan (released in 2015), Yosemite (2014), Mavericks (2013), Mountain Lion (2012), and Lion (2011).

According to Stat Counter Global Stats, Mac OS X users account for less than 10% of global operating systems—much lower than the percentage of Windows users (more than 80% ). One reason for this is that Apple computers tend to be more expensive. However, many people do prefer the look and feel of Mac OS X over Windows.

Linux (pronounced LINN-ux ) is a family of open-source operating systems, which means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world. This is different from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be modified by the company that owns it. The advantages of Linux are that it is free, and there are many different distributions —or versions—you can choose from.

According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for less than 2% of global operating systems. However, most servers run Linux because it's relatively easy to customize.

To learn more about different distributions of Linux, visit the Ubuntu, Linux Mint, and Fedora websites, or refer to our Linux Mint Resources. For a more comprehensive list, you can visit MakeUseOf's list of The Best Linux Distributions.

Windows is an operating system designed by Microsoft. The operating system is what allows you to use a computer. Windows comes preloaded on most new personal computers (PCs), which helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world.

Windows makes it possible to complete all kinds of everyday tasks on your computer – for example, you can use Windows to browse the Internet, check your email, edit digital photos, listen to music, play games, and do much more.

Microsoft released the first version of Windows in the mid-1980s. There have been many versions of Windows since then, but the most recent ones include Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), Windows Vista (2007), and Windows XP (2001).

Timeline of OS Windows

Windows 10	29th july 2015
Windows 8.1	17th October 2013
Windows 8	26th October 2012
Windows 7	22nd October 2009
Windows Vista	30th January 2007
Windows XP Professional x64	25th April 2005
Windows XP	25th October 2001
Windows ME	14th September 2000
Windows 2000	17th February 2000
Windows 98	25th June 1998
Windows 95	24th August 1995
Windows 3.1	April 1992
Windows 3.0	22nd May 1990
Windows 2.11	13th March 1989
Windows 2.10	27th May 1988
Windows 2.03	9th December 1987
Windows 1.04	April 1987
Windows 1.03	August 1986
Windows 1.02	May 1986
Windows 1.01	20th November 1985

Analysis ToolPak:

IP Addresses

In order to identify all the computers and other devices (printers and other networked peripherals) on the Internet, each connected machine has a unique number, called an " IP address". IP stands for " Internet Protocol, " the common language used by machines on the Internet to share information.

An IP address is written as a set of 4 numbers, separated by periods, as in

203.183.184.10

This representation is sometimes referred to as dotted-octet representation of an IP address.

Here is some simple mathematics you should know! Each number in this four-number address can range from 0 through 255. So there are 256 different possible numbers for each part.

Since there are four parts, so there are a possible 256 X 256 X 256 X 256 = 256 to the 4th power = 4, 294, 967, 296 different possible machine numbers - over four billion different possible machine numbers.

This sounds like more than enough addresses to go around, but IP addresses are beginning to run out.
One single network, for example, might typically have all the IP addresses starting with 203.183.184 (203.183.184.0 through 203.183.184.255). This has been a customary way of distributing IP numbers - in chunks of 256 addresses. This is referred to as a " Class C" network. If numbers are distributed as Class C networks it means there are only a possible 256 to the 3rd power different networks - or just 16 million networks - in the whole world.

When you say it like that it doesn't sound like so many networks, because every office and many offices within offices have their separate network of computers.

To make matters worse, many networks don't even use all the 256 IP addresses available to them, which means that although the IP addresses are reserved by them they are going to waste.
To help solve this problem, networks have started being assigned with just 8 or 16 IP addresses. Some special techniques using local IP addresses that aren't visible to the outside world are also helping alleviate the strain.

But basically you should understand that you need a fixed, predefined IP address assigned to each machine that acts as a server to the outside world. You can get an IP address assignment from your network administrator, who receives them in turn from your network's Internet provider.