Am/is/are/was/were/do/does/did/have/has/had

 

1. My friend __learnt Spanish as the second language since school.

2. __your friends in England last summer?

3. Where __ you usually spend your holidays?

4. Many programs __ developed by the experts every year.

5. It __a very prestigious profession.

6. The computers__ been repaired before the chief came.

7. I __speaking on the phone with my friend now.

8. __they travel a lot last year?

9. __your uncle work as a head engineer at the big construction company ?

10. I __ preparing the report on English language at this time yesterday.

MODULE 4 «INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION»

UNIT 9. the LANGUAGES of intercultural communication

Learning another language is like

becoming another person.

Haruku Murakami

 

I. I. Warm-up activities

1.1.Read the words properly and state the part of speech:

Major, barrier, techniques, necessity, existence, phenomenon, Earth, birth, civilization, Biblical, myth, mixture, significant, language, humanity, collapse, circumstance, preference, century, development, diplomacy, philosophy, previously, to impose, knowledge, society, bilingual, purpose, mankind, acceptance, commerce, abroad, medicine, characteristics, flexible, inflection, vanguard, vocabulary, dearly, acute, prestige, derivative, to reverse, purist, doubt, to continue, tongue, although, absurd.

1.2. Remind some proper and geographical names. Translate them:

Babylon Tower, Phoenicians, Lebanon, Greek, Hellenistic, Syria, Persia, Romans, Latin, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Roman Empire, Medieval Europe, World Wars, Australia, New Zealand, the Irish Republic, Canada, the South African Republic, French, Spanish, Italian, Flanders, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, United Nations Organization.

1.3. Match the columns:

1. the phenomenon of our age	1. заменить
2. thus	2. отражение
3.reflection	3. таким образом
4.the birth of civilization	4. с появлением национальных государств
5.to replace	5. явление нашей эпохи
6.with the emergence of national states	6. зарождение цивилизации
7.educated people of Europe	7. простой народ, простолюдины
8.common people	8. образованные люди Европы
9.in the vanguard of European and world expansion	9. относиться к одной из трех групп
10.  to fall into one of three groups	10. в авангарде европейского и мирового распространения
11.in the contemporary world	11. упрощать
12.to use smth. for a practical purpose	12. основные характеристики английского
13.to define	13. словоизменение; изменение формы слова
14.well-rounded education	14. в современном мире
15. explosion of knowledge	15. простота формы
16. basic characteristics of English	16. использовать что-либо для практической цели
17.to simplify	17. всестороннее образование
18.simplicity of form	18. гибкость; вариативность
19.inflection	19. определить; дать определение
20.flexibility	20. стремительный рост знаний
21.loss of inflections	21. открытость лексики
22.openness of vocabulary	22. утрата аффикса (морфемы, которая присоединяется к корню и служит для образования слов) при слово- и формообразовании
23.creation of compounds and derivatives	23. свободный доступ
24.free admission	24. образование сложных слов и производных слов (дериватов)
25.to resist	25. выжить, продолжать существовать
26.to survive	26. сопротивляться
27. Mandarin Chinese	27. без сомнения
28.arrival	28.мандаринский диалект китайского языка
29.no doubt	29. вымирать
30. to die out	30. приход, прибытие

 

 

1.4. Match the words with their definitions:

 

1.disposal	1. have a specified beginning
2.dearly	2. a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action
3.to originate from	3. the action or process of getting rid of something
4. circumstances	4. very much
5. preference	5. a person who insists on absolute adherence to traditional rules or structures, especially in language or style
6. gradually	6. speaking two languages fluently
7.to regard	7. be convenient for or acceptable to
8. bilingual	8. slowly; by degrees
9. purist	9. a greater liking for one alternative over another or others
10. to suit	10. to consider or think of in a specified way

 

II. Reading

 

Part 1. THE History of the International
Languages

Language is the means of communication. The most common way of expressing an idea for people is to say it out loud. Language enables people to understand each other. At the same moment language can be a major barrier to understanding because there are thousands of different languages on our planet. From the earliest time, with the development of trade and exchange of ideas and techniques people saw the necessity of learning foreign languages. A language that is used as a means of communication by people of different nations is called international. It helps people of different nations to understand each other. As a rule the existence of the language as an international one is determined by political, cultural and economic development of the country which language is spoken as international.

International language is not the phenomenon of our age only. The first international language appeared on Earth with the birth of civilization. The Biblical myth about the mixture of languages during the construction of the Babylon Tower, when the people lost their universal language and thus could not communicate, was a reflection of how dearly the people of ancient periods held the gift of speech and understanding. Ever since those times the foreign languages and people who knew them played a significant part in the development of international relations and trade of different countries.

The first international language that we know about was the language of the Phoenicians. The Phoenicians were a nation of industrious merchants and brave seafarers who settled originally on the territory of the Lebanon. The Greek language replaced Phoenician as a means of international communication. The Greek culture and language were imposed in all Hellenistic centers and states, including Egypt, Syria and Persia. The Romans went a little further. The Roman legionary marched to the ends of the earth carrying Latin, their language, with the help of their orators and philosophers to Europe, Asia, and Africa. From that time the role of languages in the historical development of humanity has increased. Latin survived the collapse of the Roman Empire. Until the establishment of national states, new national languages that originated from Latin (French, Spanish, and Italian) were still emerging. In such circumstances it was the universal language of Medieval Europe for fifteen centuries. In Europe Latin was used for the serious business of government, diplomacy, and philosophy. A person who did not know Latin was unable to become educated because Latin was also the language of the Universities.

Then with the emergence of national states and development of national languages the need to learn foreign languages became especially important. Educated people of Europe were to know several modern languages. For example, Rubens, the greatest painter of the Western civilization who lived in Flanders in the 17-th century, spoke and wrote six modern languages.

It should be said that not all the languages had equal importance in different centuries in the world. Preference was given to that one which country was more powerful at that time. In the 15-th and 16-th centuries Spain was in the vanguard of European and world expansion and the Spanish language could be heard in the far reaches of our planet. French became the dominant language of the Western world in the 17-th and 19-th centuries. In the 19-th century French was the official language of our country. Since childhood Russian aristocrats were learning French. For example, Pushkin wrote his first poem in French. Russian was spoken only by common people.

In the first half of the 20-th century, during the period between two World Wars, English started gradually to replace French as the international language. The transition from French to English as the international language was relatively easy because in many countries of the world people already knew English by that time.

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