Why do you think the parallel in this article is drawn between America and

An agent who supplies goods to retailers is distributor.

The channel of distribution is the route that a product takes in reaching its end users. Outlets must be created which enable the product and the customer to be physically brought together, and which enable the customer to buy.

There are a number of ways to talk about people who buy things.

An individual who buys products or services for personal use and not for manufacture or resale is a consumer.

Customers are individuals or organizations who buy things from shops or other organizations.

Companies without competitors are monopolies.

VOCABULARY

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:

1) What is the essence of marketing?

2) What was the concept of marketing in the past?

3) What is the difference between a product-focused and a market-oriented company?

4) What decisions must companies and people make if they want to market a product?

5) Why is it so important for a company to have competitive advantages over others?

6) What is the role of an outlet?

7) What do we call the companies which are the most important in the market?

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Many market-led growth businesses, such as Microsoft and Sony, are in several markets at once.

The customer is king. There is increased emphasis on the importance of the customer and meeting the customer’s needs.

Analysts suggest that while Digital has a strong customer base for mini-computers, many of these users went to other companies when shopping for personal computers.

As manufacturers, distributors, resellers and retailers suffer, it is good news for consumers. There has never been a better time to buy a personal computer.

Like most businesses, British Airways would rather be rid of its competitors.

Fisons has suffered a setback in its ambitions to become a key player in the pharmaceuticals industry.

American TV is a market-driven industry, and the audience decides the direction it takes.

Competition describes the activity of trying to sell more and be more successful. When competition is strong, you can say that it is intense, stiff, fierce or tough. If not, it may be described as low-key.

TEXTS TO TRANSLATE:

41. From Market Driven to Market Driving

Firms are constantly exhorted to become more market driven. However, our study of 25 pioneering companies (e.g. Body Shop, IKEA, Tetra Pak) whose success has been based on radical business innovation indicates that such companies are better described as market driving. Market driving companies, who are generally new entrants into an industry, gain a more sustainable competitive advantage by delivering a leap in customer value through a unique business system. Market driving strategies entail high risk, but also offer a firm the potential to revolutionise an industry and reap vast rewards.

The value of being market driven is unquestioned in companies today. Current practice dictates that success starts with careful market research, investigating the customers' needs, and developing differentiated products or services for a well-defined segment. Various excellent companies such as Nestle, Procter & Gamble, and Unilever effectively employ this market driven approach. However, many successful pioneering companies, who have created new markets and revolutionised existing industries through radical business innovation like Amazon.com, Body Shop, CNN, IKEA, Starbucks, and Swatch, are better described as market driving.

Market driving can be distinguished from three other orientations that a company can have towards the marketplace: sales driven, market driven, and customer driven. These four categories represent ideal types, no large organisation adopts a single orientation throughout all of its business units. A sales-driven orientation characterises those firms who view marketing as a tool to sell whatever their factory produces. Marketing and selling are interchangeable in such companies. Public utilities, monopolies and some large manufacturing firms often display a sales orientation. Market driven companies instead place the customers at the start of the process and through careful market research build appropriate products for, and develop the desired image for their target segments. Most successful consumer packaged goods companies such as L'Oreal fall in this category. Customer driven companies, on the other hand, target 'segments of one' and deliver customised value configurations to each customer. This is sometimes referred to as relationship marketing. The Swiss private banking industry, which serves high net worth individuals, is populated with several such customer driven firms.

Consumers and organisation buyers are excellent at motivating and evaluating incremental innovation. However, customers are usually unable to conceptualise or readily visualise the benefits of revolutionary products, concepts, and technologies. Consider the experience of Swatch. The Swatch models that received the highest intention to purchase in consumer research were those that looked the most like traditional watches. Those watches, however, ultimately generated very few sales. Instead, the more radically different Swatch models, which were rated in traditional pre-launch consumer research as the least likely to be bought, were subsequently the best selling ones. Had Swatch been guided by that market research, it would not have been a runaway success. Similarly, customers weren't clamoring for Starbucks coffee, CNN, or overnight small package delivery prior to their introduction.

Market driving firms instead coalesce around visionaries who saw opportunity where others did not — an opportunity to fill latent, unmet needs or to offer an unprecedented level of customer value. In our research, we discovered that generation and development of 'the idea' was a combination of serendipity, inexperience, and persistence.

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