Decide if the statement are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false ones.

1) Both the stomach and the esophagus are protected from the acid.

2) Heavy people are at higher risk of having heartburn.

3) Heartburn and acid reflux are synonyms.

4) One fifth of population has heartburn quite often.

5) Environmental factors play the most important role in determining the risk of having heartburn.

 

Answer the questions.

1) What is heartburn? Is it a common condition?

2) Why is it necessary to study heartburn?

3) What was the aim of the study the article tells about?

4) What did the study reveal?

 

Your patient has regular symptoms of heartburn. Ask him / her questions to find possible causes of the condition.

Explain to your patient suffering heartburn why it can be a problem. Tell him / her about the mechanism of heartburn. Give advice how to lower the risk of developing the condition. Try to avoid medical terms.

5. Use the article to write about the heartburn gene study. Write about:

1) the background of the study;

2) the aim of the study;

3) the results;

4) the conclusions.

UNIT 10. HEPATITIS C.

Read the article and do the tasks below.

While reading, find the words and expressions that mean the following:

1) приблизительные подсчеты; 2) значительный вред, ущерб; 3) неопределенный, неясный, нечетко выраженный; 4) синдром хронической усталости; 5) желтуха.

What is hepatitis C?

Hepatitis C is an infection with the hepatitis C virus. Although there is no vaccine to protect against infection, there is effective treatment available. Estimates suggest that 8 out of 10 people don’t know they have it because they have no symptoms. About 75% of these people go on to develop a chronic hepatitis.

Because it can take years, even decades, for symptoms to appear, many people do not realize they have a problem. By the time they become ill and ask for help, considerable damage has been done to the liver.

In most cases, the initial infection doesn't cause any symptoms. When it does, they tend to be vague and non-specific. Possible symptoms of hepatitis C infection include: fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, joint pains, nausea, flu-like symptoms, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, alcohol intolerance and pain in the liver area.

The most common symptom experienced is fatigue, which may be mild but is sometimes extreme. Many people initially diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome are later found to have hepatitis C.

Unlike hepatitis A and B, hepatitis C doesn't usually cause people to develop jaundice (i.e. a yellowish pigmentation of the skin). About 1 in 5 people with chronic hepatitis C develops cirrhosis of the liver within 20 years.

 

Choose the statements that are false. Correct them.

1) Immunisation is one of the ways of preventing hepatitis C.

2) You can understand you have hepatitis C after many years you got the infection.

3) After 20 years, all patients diagnosed with hepatitis C have cirrhosis of the liver.

4) Fever and headache can be symptoms of hepatitis C.

 

The text presents the symptoms of hepatitis C. Match the symptoms with their meanings.

1) Fatigue 2) Weight loss 3) Loss of appetite 4) Joint pains 5) Nausea 6) A flu-like symptom 7) Anxiety 8) Difficulty concentrating 9) Alcohol intolerance 10) Pain in the liver area

a) Problems with a lack of focus. b) Anorexia. c) Discomfort in the upper stomach, desire to vomit. d) Arthralgia. e) Reduction of the total body mass. f) Worry. g) You feel it in the right side of your abdomen, under the ribs. h) Your body does not have an enzyme to break down strong drinks. i) Physical and mental weakness. j) Fever.

3. Complete the sentences:

The article suggests that

1) hepatitis C cannot be easily diagnosed because ………….

2) a lot of people do not even suspect they have hepatitis C because ……

3) people with hepatitis C often have considerably damaged liver because …………

4) hepatitis C cannot be confused with hepatitis A and B because …………

Read the passage about the causes of hepatitis C and fill in the gaps with the verbs in the box.

lead to transmitted catch injecting screened passed on

Intravenous drug users often get the hepatitis C virus when they share needles (1) recreational drugs. Having a tattoo or body piercing with equipment that has not been properly sterilised can (2) infection. In the past, blood transfusions were a common route of infection. Now all blood is (3) for the virus and is only used if it is not present. Hepatitis C can be sexually (4), so a person who has sex with an infected partner or has multiple sex partners is at risk. It can be (5) through sharing toothbrushes and razors, but not by everyday contact such as kissing, hugging, and holding hands - you can't (6) hepatitis C from toilet seats either.

 

Use the text in Task 4 to ask questions your patient might ask about the causes of hepatitis C and ways of transmitting the virus.

Talk to your patient about ways of preventing hepatitis C and its complications. Try to avoid specific medical terms.

UNIT 11. TUBERCULOSIS. VACCINATION.

Read the article and do the tasks below.

While reading, find the words and expressions that mean the following:

1) доступ к; 2) кашлять с кровью или мокротой; 3) появляться, выходить из (какого-л. состояния); 4) прорыв (напр., в науке); 5) главный недостаток; 6) источник болезни; 7) передавать (инфекцию) / передача (инфекции).

New protection against tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (or TB) is a huge global problem, especially in developing countries, where access to antibiotics to treat the disease is limited.

TB is usually a disease of the lungs (although it can attack any part of the body). Pulmonary TB causes a bad cough, chest pains and weight loss. Some patients cough up blood or sputum. Untreated, it can be deadly. However, only in a small number of cases - fewer than 5% - do the symptoms develop immediately after infection. In more than 90% of cases, when Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium which causes the disease, has invaded the body it changes its chemical signature, and lives in a latent state.

Usually the bacterium never emerges from this latent state, but in around 10% of cases it reactivates - often years or even decades later - to trigger severe symptoms.

Current vaccines, such as the BCG vaccine, do not prevent infection, but do prevent acute symptoms and disease from emerging.

Developed at the Statens Serum Institute in Copenhagen, the new vaccine combines proteins that trigger an immune response to both the active and latent forms of Mycobacterium.

Professor Peter Davies said: " A vaccine which can both protect against initial infection and protect from its turning into disease is a major breakthrough.

" One of the main disadvantages of BCG was that it could only prevent infection going on to disease in the initially uninfected individual. It was therefore of no use in protecting infected adults who would become an infectious source of disease. Protecting children, though it is important, does not protect against transmission, as children with active disease do not usually transmit disease.

" With over 9 million new TB cases globally each year and increasing levels of drug resistance, new diagnostics, drugs and especially effective vaccines are really needed."

 

Extract the necessary information from the article and fill in the table. If any information is not available, put “—“.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Organs affected
Symptoms
Pain—character, location
Cause
Tests and exams
Risk factors
Treatment
Outlook (Prognosis)
Possible complications
Prevention
Fatalities

Answer the questions about the research project described in the article.

1. Looking for new ways of preventing TB is of vital importance. Why?

2. Are there any TB vaccines available?

3. Do they prevent infection? Why / why not? Explain the mechanism.

4. How about the new vaccine developed in Sweden? What does it protect from?

Summarize the information about the new vaccine project and present it to the class.

 

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