Упр. 9. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитива.

 

1. This in-house system is designed to meet the needs of turbocharged engines. 2. The correct wood detail to match the car is achieved by a careful matching of the veneers. 3. The events to be analyzed are the actions taken during the operation of a car. 4. A small battery is used to power accessories and provide a boost during hand acceleration. 5. Lord Montagu’s farther was the first person in England to be fined by the police for speeding. 6. To ensure maximum safety for the transportation system, it is necessary to plan and design highways on sound engineering techniques.

Упр. 10. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитивного оборота “сложное дополнение”.

 

1. There’s a special knob on the centre console that enables you to choose of one of the five settings: general driving, slippery conditions and three special off-road modes. 2. This in-house system allows Saab to carry out a speedier, more effective development work. 3. Certain tests may require the test vehicle to be equipped with particular devices to ensure reliable results. 4. Differential is the device that permits the rear wheels to revolve at different speeds independently on of the other. 5. The scientists considered hands-free equipment to be significantly less risky to use than hand-held mobile phones while driving.

Упр. 11. Заполните таблицу, образуя указанные части речи.

Verbs	Adjectives	Nouns
…	transmissible	transmission
…	…	power
…	…	engine
drive	…	…
…	rechargeable	….
…	…	replacement
install	…
…	ignition	…

Упр. 12. Переведите цепочки однокоренных слов.

1. mean – meaning –means – meaningful

2. move – moving – moved - movement

3. adapt – adapted – adapting – adaptable – adaptability – adaptation.

4. achieve – achievement – achieved – achievable

5. energy – energize – energized – energetic

6. charge – chargeable – recharge – rechargeable – discharge – dischargeable

7. electrify – electrified – electric – electrical - electrification

Упр. 13. Прочитайте текст. Сократите его до 1/3, оставив наиболее важную информацию для составления реферативного перевода.

Currently, Honda and Toyota have the technology that might answer all of the customers needs like the high price of gasoline or the contribution to the greenhouse effect. It's the hybrid car, and both manufacturers are selling their versions in the United States. In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own versions.

Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. In fact, many people have probably owned a hybrid vehicle. For example, a moped (a motorized pedal bike) is a type of hybrid because it combines the power of a gasoline engine with the pedal power of its rider.

Hybrid vehicles are all around us. Most of the locomotives we see pulling trains are diesel-electric hybrids. Giant mining trucks are often diesel-electric hybrids. Submarines are also hybrid vehicles - some are nuclear-electric and some are diesel-electric. Any vehicle that combines two or more sources of power that can directly or indirectly provide propulsion power is a hybrid.

Hybrid structure

You can combine the two power sources found in a hybrid car in different ways. One way, known as a parallel hybrid, has a fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine. But it also has a set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor. Both the engine and the electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time, and the transmission then turns the wheels.

In a typical parallel hybrid you'll notice that the fuel tank and gas engine connect to the transmission. The batteries and electric motor also connect to the transmission independently. As a result, in a parallel hybrid, both the electric motor and the gas engine can provide propulsion power.

By contrast, in a series hybrid the gasoline engine turns a generator, and the generator can either charge the batteries or power an electric motor that drives the transmission. Thus, the gasoline engine never directly powers the vehicle.

Hybrid cars contain the following parts: gasoline engine, fuel tank, electric motor, generator, batteries and transmission.The hybrid car has a gasoline engine much like the one you will find on most cars. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies for reducing emissions and increasing efficiency.

The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries do. For example, it takes about 1, 000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline.

The electric motor on a hybrid car is very sophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car. But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and return energy to the batteries. The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids.

The batteries in a hybrid car are the energy storage device for the electric motor. Unlike the gasoline in the fuel tank, which can only power the gasoline engine, the electric motor on a hybrid car can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them.

The transmission on a hybrid car performs the same basic function as the transmission on a conventional car. Some hybrids, like the Honda Insight, have conventional transmissions. Others, like the Toyota Prius, have radically different ones.

The reason for building such a complicated machine - when most people are perfectly happy with their gasoline-powered cars - is twofold: to reduce tailpipeemissions and to improve mileage. The amount of pollution allowed does not depend on the mileage your car gets. But a car that burns twice as much gas to go a mile will generate approximately twice as much pollution. That pollution will have to be removed by the emissions control equipment on the car. So decreasing the fuel consumption of the car is one of the surest ways of decreasing emissions.

The key to a hybrid car is that the gasoline engine can be much smaller than the one in a conventional car and therefore more efficient. The gas engine on a conventional car is sized for the peak power requirement In fact, most drivers use the peak power of their engines less than one percent of the time. The hybrid car uses a much smaller engine, one that is sized closer to the average power requirement than to the peak power.

Упр. 14. Выполните письменный перевод следующего текста.

Toyota has named its gasoline-electric hybrid car Prius. The Prius is Japan’s first, and one of the world’s first, series production internal-combustion engine/electric motor-driven passenger cars. Prius, according to Toyota, means “pioneering” in Latin. The Prius employs a parallel hybrid system, using both the internal combustion engine and electric motor for propulsion. Toyota, by the way, preceded the Prius with a series hybrid vehicle, an electrically driven mini bus. The main purpose of its gasoline engine is generating electricity and recharging the batteries. The engine 1 NZ-FXE has dual overhead camshaft, 16 valves, inline four cylinders and it was designed for the hybrid application. It is an extremely compact unit to be installed inline with the electric motor and CVT. The VVT-1 improves low- and middle-speed torque and fuel economy, and reduces exhaust emissions and minimizes power train vibrations during engine start-up (the vehicle normally moves off on electric power, and the engine comes in when accelerating.

Упр. 15. Составьте реферативный пересказ об основных составляющих и преимуществах гибрида, используя следующие выражения:

The text is concerned with…. … are considered. It should be noted that…. The fact that…is stressed. It should be remembered that….I find the text rather/very …

 

Unit 8

 

Internal Combustion Engine Valves and Valve Train

 

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