How did Lincoln die (when/ where)?

At 7: 22 a.m. on April 15, 1865, Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, dies from a bullet wound inflicted the night before by John Wilkes Booth, an actor and Confederate sympathizer. The president’s death came only six days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his massive army at Appomattox, effectively ending the American Civil War. Learning that Lincoln was to attend Laura Keene’s acclaimed performance in Our American Cousin at Ford’s Theater on April 14, Booth plotted the simultaneous assassination of Lincoln, Vice President Andrew Johnson, and Secretary of State William H. Seward. By murdering the president and two of his possible successors, Booth and his conspirators hoped to throw the U.S. government into a paralyzing disarray. Booth entered Lincoln’s private box unnoticed and shot the president with a single bullet in the back of his head. Slashing an army officer who rushed at him, Booth jumped to the stage and shouted “Sic semper tyrannis! [Thus always to tyrants]–the South is avenged! ”
Unit 11

1. What were the results of the Civil War?
2 things were accomplished by the end of the War:
- slavery was abolished in the US by the 13th Amendment to the Constitution
- the country was whole again & no state has ever tried to leave the Union

2. What is meant by " hands-off' policy of the Federal government?
The south was devastated after the war and had to be rebuilt anew. Johnson took a moderate, 'hands off’ approach to reconstructing the governments of the South. At one point he went so far as to insist reconstruction, as a program, was unnecessary. He claimed, as Lincoln had, that the Confederate states had never really left the Union. When Congress met in December of 1865, the first time since the end of the war, it could not deny that southern state governments were functioning. But there was a rub. The new southern governments looked remarkably like the old. New legislative members included the ex-vice president of the Confederacy, four Confederate generals, eight colonels, and a host of lesser rebels. These new southern legislatures also began passing repressive 'codes' to restrict the involvement of blacks in civic society. The fed gov decided not to help the South to solve their economic problems (hands-off policy) as punishment. Southern states had to rely on private investors to restore their economy (i.e. rich sympathizing northerners, most often Dems) => 2 consequences: control of the South by the North, not enough money to rebuild.

3. What was the role of Freedmen's Bureau?
In 1865, the Freedman's bureau was established for dealing with the now free slaves (and also poor whites who suffered from the war). During its years of operation, the Freedmen’s Bureau fed millions of people, built hospitals and provided medical aid, negotiated labor contracts for ex-slaves and settled labor disputes. It also helped former slaves legalize marriages and locate lost relatives, and assisted black veterans. The bureau also was instrumental in building thousands of schools for blacks, and helped to found such colleges as Howard University in Washington, D.C., Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, and Hampton University in Hampton, Virginia. Additionally, the bureau tried, with little success, to promote land redistribution. However, most of the confiscated or abandoned Confederate land was eventually restored to the original owners, so there was little opportunity for black land ownership, which was seen as a means to success in society. Freedmen also encountered the difficulties of sharecropping. Black Codes were laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen (refused blacks the right to vote, said that they could not sit on juries, forbade them to give evidence in court against whites) and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers. Thousands of freedmen became sharecropper farmers, which led them to becoming indentured servants, indebted to the plantation owner and resulting in generations of people working the same plot of land. With little land available to purchase and few skills other than knowing how to work in the fields, former slaves participated in the sharecropping system that provided a share of the crop for the worker's service. A similar practice was known as crop liens, in which the owner of the land—usually a freedman or a poor white man—would offer a lien on his crop to a merchant in exchange for cash or supplies. Sharecropping and crop liens were idealistic plans used by crooked bookkeepers and white land owners who kept black men in perpetual debt.

In the summer of 1872, Congress, responding in part to pressure from white Southerners, dismantled the Freedmen’s Bureau.

4. What were the differences between Presidential and Radical Reconstructions?
Reconstruction in America was a political compromise between the President and the Congress, and between Democrats and Republicans (radical and moderate). Lincoln believed that only the president could pardon his citizens according to the US Constitution. The Congress argued that only the Congress had the right to consider terms on which new territories should be admitted to the Union. There were 2 Reconstructions in America: Presidential (mild) and Congressional (radical).
Presidential reconstruction

Was devised by Abraham Lincoln, but implemented by Andrew Johnson. After Confederate surrender in 1865 President Abraham Lincoln delivered his last public address, his Reconstruction policy. Lincoln issued the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction in 1863, his compassionate policy for dealing with the South. The Proclamation stated that all Southerners could be pardoned and reinstated as U.S. citizens if they took an oath of allegiance to the Constitution and the Union and pledged to abide by emancipation. High Confederate officials, Army and Navy officers, and U.S. judges and congressmen who left their posts to aid the southern rebellion were excluded from this pardon. Lincoln's Proclamation was called the " 10 percent plan": Once 10 percent of the voting population in any state had taken the oath, a state government could be put in place and the state could be reintegrated into the Union. Johnson, like Lincoln, held that the southern states had never legally left the Union, and he retained most of Lincoln's 10 percent plan. Johnson's plan went further than Lincoln's and excluded those Confederates who owned taxable property in excess of $20, 000 from the pardon. These wealthy Southerners were the ones Johnson believed led the South into secession. These pardons allowed many of the planter aristocrats the power to exercise control over Reconstruction of their states. Johnson also called for special state conventions to repeal the ordinances of secession, abolish slavery, repudiate all debts incurred to aid the Confederacy, and ratify the Thirteenth Amendment that completely and finally abolished slavery.

Congressional reconstruction
A majority group of moderate Republicans in Congress supported Lincoln's position that the Confederate states should be reintegrated as quickly as possible. A minority group of Radical Republicans--led by Thaddeus Stevens in the House and Ben Wade and Charles Sumner in the Senate--sharply rejected Lincoln's plan, claiming it would result in restoration of the southern aristocracy and re-enslavement of blacks. The Committee rejected President Johnson's Reconstruction plan, denied seating of southern legislators, and maintained that only Congress could determine if, when, and how Reconstruction would take place. They wanted to effect sweeping changes in the South and grant the freed slaves full citizenship before the states were restored.
In June of 1866, the Joint Committee on Reconstruction determined that, by seceding, the southern states had forfeited " all civil and political rights under the Constitution." Part of the Reconstruction plan devised by the Joint Committee to replace Johnson's Reconstruction proclamation is demonstrated in the Fourteenth Amendment that gave blacks full rights of citizenship, including the right to vote. First organized in Pulaski, Tennessee in 1866, members of the KKK, called " Klansmen, " rode around the South, hiding under white masks and robes, terrorizing Republicans and intimidating black voters. They went so far as to flog, mutilate, and even lynch blacks.

In 1867, Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act, which became the final plan for Reconstruction and identified the new conditions under which the southern governments would be formed. Tennessee was exempt from the Act because it had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment.This Act dismissed the white governments of the southern states and placed them under military rule. The former Confederacy was divided into five military districts each occupied by a Union general and his troops. The officers had the power to maintain order and protect the civil rights of all persons. Southerners were told that they could again have elected governments when they accepted the 14th Amendment and give all black men the vote.

Radical Republicans were still concerned that once the states were re-admitted to the Union, they would amend their constitutions and withdraw black suffrage. They moved to safeguard their legislation by adding it to the federal Constitution with the 15th Amendment. The amendment prohibited the states from denying anyone the right to vote “on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” In 1870, the required number of states had ratified the amendment, and it became part of the Constitution. By 1870 all the southern states had new " Reconstruction" governments. Most were made up of blacks, a few white southerners who were willing to work with them and white men from the North. While most of the southern states had quickly ratified the Fifteenth Amendment under pressure from the federal government, Democratic Party dominance in those states assured the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were largely ignored. Congress, outraged by the continued brutality of the vigilantes and the lack of local efforts to protect blacks and persecute their tormentors, struck back with three Enforcement Acts (1870-1871) designed to stop the terrorism and protect black voters. The Acts allowed the federal government to intervene when state authorities failed to protect citizens from the vigilantes. Aided by the military, the program of federal enforcement eventually undercut the power of the Ku Klux Klan. However, the Klan's actions had already weakened black and Republican morale throughout the South.

Literacy tests and poll taxes were often used to keep blacks from voting. Intimidation and lynching were also common means to keep blacks from the polls. Full suffrage for blacks was not realized until 1965. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the last congressional Reconstruction measure. It prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection, transportation, restaurants, and «inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement.» (Jim Crow laws = segregation). It did not guarantee equality in schools, churches, and cemeteries. Unfortunately, the Act lacked a strong enforcement mechanism, and dismayed Northerners did not attempt another civil rights act for 90 years.

 

Unit 12

1. How has American economy changed since the Civil War?
In the 19th century the USA was a farming country. But before and after the Civil War its industry started to grow fast, especially in the North.

In the 1890s big corporations (trusts) started to grow. Trusts created monopoly and very soon became very powerful. To limit the power of trusts, a series of Anti-Trust laws were introduced. These laws are working even today. For example, Bill Gates today is accused of creating monopoly in the field of Internet and if he is found guilty, he will have to pay a lot of money in fines.

In 1913 Henry Ford introduced the methods of mass production in assembling cars, which increased productivity by 12 times and made American cars the cheapest in the world. In the 1920s American industry developed very fast.

In 1929 the period of Great Depression started. Great Depression brought unemployment, crash of banks and decrease of industrial production. In 1932 to cope with Depression, the Democratic president Franklin D. Roosevelt started a new economic policy, called the New Deal.The new economic program was called the Hundred Days. As the result, a number of measures were taken by the government to increase its control over the US economy. That is why today American economy can be called a mixed economy and not a pure free market economy.

2. How have the views of the Republican party changed?
In the USA there are two major political parties: the Republicans and the Democrats. Before the Civil war the Democratic party was a conservative party of rich Southern whites, while the Republican party started as a progressive party in 1854, which supported the black slaves.

In the 20th century a transformation occurred. Nowadays Republicans are more conservative. They support big business and try to cut down social welfare programs. Democrats tend to support social welfare programs and small business.

3. What was the Trail of Broken Treaties? 4. When were the American Indians recognized as full US citizens?
1830 - The Indian Removal Act. This Act forced the eastern Indian tribes to move beyond the Mississippi. In 1834 a special Indian territory was set up in what is now Oklahoma. Between 1830 and 1850 the tribes were forced to sign 94 treaties, ceding vast territories to the federal government. In return, the gov promised food and protection to the Indians. The gov did not make good on this promise. Cherokees were removed from their lands and had to move to reservations in winter, 4 000 Indians out of 15 000 died along the way. This event was called the Trail of Tears.

Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse (c.1840-77), leaders of the Sioux on the Great Plains, strongly resisted the mid-19th-century efforts of the U.S. government to confine their people to reservations. In 1875, after gold was discovered in South Dakota’s Black Hills, the U.S. Army ignored previous treaty agreements and invaded the region. This betrayal led many Sioux and Cheyenne tribesmen to leave their reservations and join Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in Montana. The Battle of the Little Bighorn, fought on June 25, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, pitted federal troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (1839-76) against a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. Tensions between the two groups had been rising since the discovery of gold on Native American lands. When a number of tribes missed a federal deadline to move to reservations, the U.S. Army, including Custer and his 7th Calvary, was dispatched to confront them. Custer was unaware of the number of Indians fighting under the command of Sitting Bull (c.1831-90) at Little Bighorn, and his forces were outnumbered and quickly overwhelmed in what became known as Custer’s Last Stand. The Indians’ victory angered the whites, and the U.S. government increased its efforts to subdue the tribes. Within five years, almost all of the Sioux and Cheyenne would be confined to reservations.

Throughout 1890, the U.S. government worried about the increasing influence at Pine Ridge of the Ghost Dance spiritual movement, which taught that Indians had been defeated and confined to reservations because they had angered the gods by abandoning their traditional customs. Many Sioux believed that if they practiced the Ghost Dance and rejected the ways of the white man, the gods would create the world anew and destroy all non-believers, including non-Indians. On December 15, 1890, reservation police tried to arrest Sitting Bull, the famous Sioux chief, who they mistakenly believed was a Ghost Dancer, and killed him in the process, increasing the tensions at Pine Ridge. On December 29, the U.S. Army’s 7th Cavalry surrounded a band of Ghost Dancers under Big Foot, a Lakota Sioux chief, near Wounded Knee Creek and demanded they surrender their weapons. As that was happening, a fight broke out between an Indian and a U.S. soldier and a shot was fired, although it’s unclear from which side. A brutal massacre followed, in which it’s estimated 150 Indians were killed. The conflict at Wounded Knee was originally referred to as a battle, but in reality it was a tragic and avoidable massacre. Surrounded by heavily armed troops, it’s unlikely that Big Foot’s band would have intentionally started a fight. Some historians speculate that the soldiers of the 7th Cavalry were deliberately taking revenge for the regiment’s defeat at Little Bighorn in 1876. Whatever the motives, the massacre ended the Ghost Dance movement and was the last major confrontation in America’s deadly war against the Plains Indians.

In 1924 the Congress passed the Indian Citizenship Act, according to which Indians were recognized as full US citizens and given the right to vote. In 1934 the Indian Reorganization Act encouraged them to set up their own councils to run the affairs of their reservations. In spite of such improvements, Amerindians remained far behind most other Americans in health, wealth, and education.

In the 1970s the American Indian Movement started. Indians organized a protest march to Washington, called the Trail of Broken Treaties, and blamed the federal government for breaking the treaties with the Indians. At that time Indians also started to sue the US government in courts for breaking the old treaties. For example, the Sioux demanded the return of their lands in the Black Hills, as the result the federal government had to turn the tribe a huge compensation of $122, 5 million.

The present situation is the following: American Indians are full citizens of the USA and they do not have to live in reservations. Many choose to live in reservations, however, which are self- governed and are often very rich. The US government deals with tribal governments as with foreign countries.

5. What was the Civil Rights Movement? What were the results of this movement?
After the Civil War slavery was abolished in the USA by the 13th Amendment and blacks were recognized as full citizens of the USA by the 14th Amendment. But immediately after the Civil War the policy of racism and segregation started in the South (Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson). In reality the life of the blacks became even worse than in slavery.

In the 1950s the Civil Rights Movement of the blacks began against racism and segregation. In 1954 after the Brown v. Topeka case segregation in public schools was made illegal by the Supreme Court. In 1956 segregation on public transport was prohibited after in 1955 Rosa Parks of Montgomery, Alabama, refused to give up her seat in the back of the bus to a white passenger. She was arrested, but inspired a series of anti-segregation boycotts and demonstrations encouraged by the NAACP and MLK in particular to end transit segregation. Boycotts and sit-ins were taking place all over the South, where black citizens fought for their jobs and homes.
The March on Washington took place on August 28, 1963. Over 20, 000 people came to march from Washington to the Lincoln memorial in Washington D.C. This march happened to be one of Martin Luther King Jr.’s greatest accomplishments throughout his life. This event is where he took the crown for the face of the civil rights movement.
The 1964 the Civil Rights Act, put forward by JFK but carried out by LBJ, ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement. In subsequent years, Congress expanded the act and also passed additional legislation aimed at bringing equality to African Americans, such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965. During the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, voting rights activists in the South were subjected to various forms of mistreatment and violence. Blacks attempting to vote often were told by election officials that they had gotten the date, time or polling place wrong, that they possessed insufficient literacy skills or that they had filled out an application incorrectly. Blacks, whose population suffered a high rate of illiteracy due to centuries of oppression and poverty, often would be forced to take literacy tests, which they inevitably failed. Johnson also told Congress that voting officials, primarily in Southern states, had been known to force black voters to “recite the entire Constitution or explain the most complex provisions of state laws, ” a task most white voters would have been hard-pressed to accomplish. In some cases, even blacks with college degrees were turned away from the polls.
In April 1968, MLK was murdered on the balcony of Memphis, Tennessee by a white sniper. As a result, many African-Americans turned to the Black Power movement that taught that the only way for black people to get justice was to fight for it. Carmichael and McKissick were heavily influenced by the words of Malcolm X (‘Use whatever means necessary’), and rejected integration as a short-term goal. Carmichael felt that blacks needed to feel a sense of racial pride and self-respect before any meaningful gains could be achieved. He encouraged the strengthening of African American communities without the help of whites. The Black Panther Party was formed in Oakland, California. Openly brandishing weapons, the Panthers decided to take control of their own neighborhoods to aid their communities and to resist police brutality. Soon the Panthers spread across the nation. The Black Panther Party borrowed many tenets from socialist movements, including Mao Zedong's famous creed " Political power comes through the barrel of a gun." The Panthers and the police exchanged gunshots on American streets as white Americans viewed the growing militancy with increasing alarm.
Later in the I970s and 1980s African-American opinion split again. Most blacks decided that voting was a more effective way to improve their position. Their idea was to elect blacks to positions of power - as city councilors, mayors of cities, as members of Congress. Jesse Jackson, a former assistant of Martin Luther King's, became the chief spokesman for this idea.

The present situation is the following: The blacks are treated as full US citizens. By 2000 more than 10% of elected officials were blacks. The whites often say that the blacks in the USA have even more chances to make a career than the whites. In 2008 the first black president was elected (from the Democratic party! ).

6. Compare the theory of " manifest destiny" with the Monroe Doctrine. 7. What is the US new ideological doctrine? 8. What is the US new military doctrine?
The former colony, in the 1890s the USA became a colonial power. As the result of the Spanish-American War the USA got Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto-Rico, Guam and Hawaii.

American " Manifest Destiny" was later in the 19th century replaced with a new doctrine called The Monroe's Doctrine (it was introduced by President Monroe). The doctrine said that the whole continent of North and South America is the USA's concern, other European countries should not interfere in American affairs. Through the 20th century the USA acted upon this doctrine in Latin America (in Nicaragua). Their new Manifest Destiny is the following: Americans think that their sacred duty is to promote and protect democratic values all over the world (a new ideological doctrine).

1968-1973 the USA conducted the Vietnam war. It was the first war, which Americans lost. And it influenced American life greatly. After this war they adopted a new military doctrine: Americans should never start a war unless there is a clear plan of termination of military involvement. Their last wars so far have been the War in the Gulf (1990), the War in Afghanistan (2002 - present), the War in Iraq (2003 - present), in which they acted under their new military and ideological doctrines.

Vocabulary

Unit 9
rural region/ industrial region - сельский (аграрный) район/ промышленный район

rapid economic growth - быстрый экономический рост

sharpen regional differences - обострять региональные различия

develop textile industry - развивать текстильную промышленность

grow cotton - выращивать хлопок

make slavery desirable - делать рабство желательным

have natural advantages - иметь естественные преимущества

invest a lot of money in industry - вкладывать деньги в промышленность

defend/ oppose slavery - защищать рабство/ быть против рабства

defend/ attack Southern values - защищать/ нападать на ценности южан

have a regional outlook/ have a broad national outlook - иметь региональное (узкое) мировоззрение/ иметь широкое (общенациональное мировоззрение

abolish slavery gradually/ immediately - отменить рабство постепенно/ немедленно

settle the issue of slavery - решать проблему рабства

work out a complicated compromise - выработать сложный компромисс

the terms of a compromise - условия компромисса

contradict the previous compromise - противоречить предыдущему компромиссу

a controversial issue - спорный вопрос

a sin/ an evil/ a benefit/ a matter of honour - грех/ зло/ польза/ дело чести

entertaining books/ sophisticated arguments развлекательные книги / сложные (научные) аргументы

be responsible for Southern economic backwardness - отвечать за экономическую отсталость Юга

be incompatible with the natural human right to be free - быть несовместимым с естественным человеческим правом быть свободным

justify slavery - оправдывать рабство

be inferior to sb. - быть ниже кого-то по уровню развития

Pro-slavery movement/ anti-slavery movement - движение в защиту рабства/ против рабства

 

Unit 10

1. The 1850s:

settle the issue of slavery - решать проблему рабства

be a political failure - быть политическим провалом

the tension was growing - напряжение нарастало

sparkle a fire - зажечь огонь

catch runaway slaves - ловить беглых рабов

set an example - подавать пример

make the previous compromise void - делать предыдущий компромисс

недействительным

gain support in the North - получать поддержку на Севере

struggle for Presidency - бороться за пост президента

apply to court- обращаться в суд

win the elections - выигрывать выборы

attack an arsenal - нападать на арсенал

start a slave uprising - начинать восстание рабов

2. The Civil War

secede from the Union - выходить из союза

attack a fort - нападать на форт

emancipate slaves - освобождать рабов

terms of surrender - условия капитуляции

defeat the army - разгромить армию

assassinate the President - убить президента (совершить политическое убийство)

Unit 11

1.strengthen the Union - укреплять союз

mild terms of capitulation - мягкие условия капитуляции

execute for war crimes - казнить за военные преступления

release from prison - освобождать из тюрьмы

2. restore economy - восстанавливать экономику

rely on private investments - полагаться на частные инвестиции

conduct the economic policy - проводить экономическую политику

3. sign a fair contract - подписывать справедливый контракт

4. Radical/ Moderate Republicans - радикальные/ умеренные

республиканцы

pardon the citizens - помиловать граждан

treat as a conquered territory - относиться как к завоеванной

территории

adopt the amendment - принимать поправку

divide into military districts - разделить на военные округа

give the right to vote - давать право голоса

ally with Democrats - объединяться с демократами

a tie - ничья

withdraw military troops from the South - выводить войска с Юга

betray former slaves - предавать бывших рабов

5. threaten blacks- угрожать темнокожим

conduct the policy of segregation - проводить политику сегрегации

silent approval - молчаливое одобрение

Unit 12

create monopoly - создавать монополию

limit the power of trusts - ограничивать власть трестов

increase productivity in assembling cars - повышать производительность труда в процессе сборки автомобилей

decrease industrial production during economic depression - снижать темпы промышленного производства во время экономической депрессии

increase the government control over the US economy - усиливать контроль государства над экономикой

support social welfare programs - поддерживать социальные программы

form the majority in Congress - формировать большинство в Конгрессе

recognize as full US citizens - признавать гражданами США

sue the federal government for breaking old treaties - подавать в суд на федеральное правительство за нарушение старых договоров

pay compensation to Indian tribes - выплачивать компенсацию индейским племенам

make segregation illegal - делать сегрегацию незаконной

interfere in US affairs - вмешиваться в дела США

protect democratic values in the world - защищать демократические ценности во всем мире

conduct / terminate the war - вести войну/ останавливать войну

Terms
Unit 9

the Second Compromise of the Constitution (1787) - второй компромисс Конституции

the Missouri Compromise (1820) - Компромисс по Миссури

the Compromise of 1850 (1850) - Компромисс 1850 года

the Fugitive Slave Law - Закон о беглых рабах

abolitionists - аболиционисты

racism - расизм

Unit 10

the Compromise of 1850 (1850) - Компромисс 1850 года

the Fugitive Slave Law - Закон о беглых рабах

Kansas-Nebraska Act: bleeding Kansas - Закон о Канзасе и

Небраске: " истекающий кровью Канзас"

Republican / Democratic Party - Республиканская/

Демократическая Партия

Federate / Confederate States - Штаты, поддерживающие

Федерацию/ Штаты, поддерживающие Конфедерацию

Unit 11

Presidential Reconstruction/ Radical Reconstruction - Президентская /Радикальная

реконструкция

Radical Republicans/ Moderate Republicans- радикальные/ умеренные республиканцы

hands-off policy - политика невмешательства (hands-off - руки прочь)

Freedmen's Bureau - Бюро по делам освобожденных лиц

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments 13. 14. 15 -я поправки

segregation - сегрегация

racism - расизм

the Ku Klux Klan - Ку-клукс-клан

Unit 12

Anti-Trust Laws - Антитрастовые законы

Great Depression - Великая депрессия

New Deal - Новый Курс

Trail of Broken Treaties - Путь нарушенных соглашений

Civil Rights Movement - Движение за гражданские права

Proper names

Unit 9

New England (Boston)

Middle region (New York City, Philadelphia)

Old South (Charlestown)

Northwest (Chicago, Cincinnati), Southwest

Missouri, Maine, California, Texas, Utah, New Mexico

Theodore Weld, William Lloyd Garrison

Harriet Beecher Stowe " Uncle Tom's Cabin»

Unit 10

Abraham Lincoln

Stephen Douglas

Dred Scott

John Brown / Harper's Ferry

General Lee

General Grant

Jefferson Davis

South Carolina

Fort Sumter

Gettysburg

Appomattox

Unit 11

Abraham Lincoln

Andrew Johnson

Rutherford Hayes

Samuel Tilden

 

Unit 12

Henry Ford

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Barack Obama

Martin Luther King, Jr.

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