Make a report about any plant or animal, specifying its place in the classification.

Choose any of the following ideas (or propose your own), find information and write an essay (150-250 words).

St. Augustine and his ideas about classification.

The contribution of Carolus Linneus to science.

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the evolutionary process.

 

 

 

Unit 2

Тема урока: Bacteria текст 1 Bacteria текст 2 Bacteria electrifying modern life текст 3 How bacteria become drug resistant текст 4 Бактерии

 

Words

1.	iron	n. a strong, hard magnetic silvery-grey metal, the chemical element of atomic number 26, much used as a material for construction and manufacturing, especially in the form of steel.
2.	average	adj. having qualities that are typical of most people or things
3.	surface	n. the top layer of an area of water or land
4.	simplicity	n. the quality of being simple and not complicated, especially when this is attractive or useful
5.	fascinating	adj. extremely interesting
6.	starch	n. a substance which provides your body with energy and is found in foods such as grain, rice, and potatoes, or a food that contains this substance, carbohydrate
7.	sulfur	n. a common light yellow chemical substance that burns with a very strong unpleasant smell, and is used in drugs, explosives, and industry (it is a chemical element: symbol S)
8.	withstand	v. to remain undamaged or unaffected by, to resist
9.	blast	n. an explosion, or the very strong movement of air that it causes
10.	eventually	adv. after a long time, or after a lot of things have happened
11.	rod	n. a long thin pole used with a line and hook for catching fish, fishing rod
12.	stick	n. a long thin piece of wood, plastic etc that you use for a particular purpose
13.	helical	adj. having the shape or form of a helix, spiral
14.	chain	n. people or things which are connected or next to each other forming a line
15.	square	n. a shape with four straight equal sides with 90º angles at the corners
16.	vent	n. the opening of a volcano, through which lava and other materials are emitted
17.	whip	n. a long thin piece of rope or leather with a handle, that you hit animals with to make them move or that you hit someone with to punish them
18.	propel	v. to move, drive, or push something forward
19.	tumble	v. to fall down quickly and suddenly, especially with a rolling movement
20.	slime	n. a thick, wet substance which covers a surface or comes from the bodies of animals such as snails
21.	slug	n. a tough-skinned terrestrial mollusk which typically lacks a shell and secretes a film of mucus for protection

 

Make sure you know these words

1.	mitochondria (pl. mitochondria)
2.	bacillus ( pl. bacilli )
3.	coccus (pl. cocci )
4.	Borrelia
5.	bacterium (pl. bacteria )

 

 

Working with words

Word building.

noun	verb	adjective
		simple
	to radiate
likeness
	to appear
		developing
	to form
creature, creation

Make word combinations using the following words.

complex, outboard, ozon, fertilizied, modern, bright, arctic, slime, fresh, upper, direct, thin, stem, jet, powerful, main, visible

cell ice layer motor sunlight

 

Match the words (1-7) to their definitions (a-g).

A		B
	boil	a	to move forward
	radiation	b	creature, similar to snail, but it has no shell
	to propel	c	a form of energy produced during a nuclear reaction
	slug	d	to move in a circle around a fixed central point
	stationary	e	the central part of a living cell, containing chromosomes
	nucleus	f	to heat liquid until it has bubbles and starts to become a gas
	rotate	g	things used for writing

 

Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.

gaseous advantage activity primary decomposition atmosphere metabolism nutrients available environment contained depends rely on

 

The ecosystem, both on land and in the water, ................ heavily upon the activity of bacteria. The cycling of ....................... such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur is completed by their hard labor.

When organisms die, the carbon ...................... in their tissues becomes unavailable for most other living things. ........................... is the breakdown of these organisms, and the release of nutrients back into the ..............................., and is one of the most important roles of the bacteria.

The cycling of nitrogen is another important ......................... of bacteria. Plants ..................... nitrogen from the soil for their health and growth, and cannot acquire it from the gaseous nitrogen in the .............................. The .......................... way in which nitrogen becomes.............................. to them is through nitrogen fixation by bacteria such as Rhizobium and by Cyanobacteria. These bacteria convert .............. nitrogen into nitrates or nitrites as part of their....................................., and the resulting products are released into the environment. Some plants, such as liverworts, have taken special .................................. of this process by modifying their structure to house the bacteria in their own tissues.

 

Working with word combinations and sentences

 

Give English equivalents for the following word combinations.

Кажущаяся простота, выше точки кипения, всплеск радиации, отделение клетки, миллиарды лет, поселиться, жерло вулкана, плодородная почва, жидкая окружающая среда, изменить направление, вращать флагеллами, слизистый слой, выделять кислород.

 

Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences.

	Tiny, one-celled organisms called bacteria	a	on the head of a pin.
	Most of these organisms can be seen	b	do cause sickness.
	Millions of them would fit	c	live on, in, and around human beings.
	The study of bacteria	d	there would be no plant or animal life on the Earth.
	It is true that many of bacteria	e	the spoilage of food.
	Others are responsible for	f	are helpful to humans.
	Many other types of bacteria, however,	g	is called bacteriology.
	Without bacteria there would be	h	only with the aid of a microscope.

 

 

Working with texts

Read and translate the text.

Text 1

Bacteria

A

Bacteria consist of only a single cell, but don't let their small size and seeming simplicity fool you. They're an amazingly complex and fascinating group of creatures. Bacteria have been found that can live in temperatures above the boiling point and in cold that would freeze your blood. They " eat" everything from sugar and starch to sunlight, sulfur and iron. There's even a species of bacteria—Deinococcus radiodurans—that can withstand blasts of radiation 1, 000 times greater than would kill a human being.

B

Bacteria fall into a category of life called the Prokaryotes. Prokaryotes' genetic material, or DNA, is not enclosed in a cellular compartment called the nucleus. Bacteria and archaea are the only prokaryotes. All other life forms are Eukaryotes, creatures whose cells have nuclei.

(Note: viruses are not considered true cells, so they don't fit into either of these categories.)

C

Bacteria are among the earliest forms of life that appeared on Earth billions of years ago. Scientists think that they helped shape and change the young planet's environment, eventually creating atmospheric oxygen that enabled other, more complex life forms to develop. Many believe that more complex cells developed as once free-living bacteria took up residence in other cells, eventually becoming the organelles in modern complex cells. The mitochondria that make energy for your body cells is one example of such an organelle.

D

There are thousands of species of bacteria, but all of them are basically one of three different shapes. Some are rod- or stick-shaped and called bacilli.

Others are shaped like little balls and called cocci.

Others still are helical or spiral in shape, like the Borrelia.

Some bacterial cells exist as individuals while others cluster together to form pairs, chains, squares or other groupings.

E

Bacteria live on or in just about every material and environment on Earth from soil to water to air, and from your house to arctic ice to volcanic vents. Each square centimeter of your skin averages about 100, 000 bacteria. A single teaspoon of topsoil contains more than a billion bacteria.

F

Some bacteria move about their environment by means of long, whip-like structure called flagella. They rotate their flagella like tiny outboard motors to propel themselves through liquid environments. They may also reverse the direction in which their flagella rotate so that they tumble about in one place.

Other bacteria secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs. Others are fairly stationary.

G

Some bacteria are photosynthetic —they can make their own food from sunlight, just like plants. Also like plants, they give off oxygen. Other bacteria absorb food from the material they live on or in. Some of these bacteria can live off unusual " foods" such as iron or sulfur.

 

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