Отсутствие артикля (Zero Article)

Артикль не употребляется в следующих случаях.

1. Перед исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе, употребляемыми в общем смысле. Children are fond of cartoons. Oranges are tasty. But: The childrenplaying in the yard are my cousins. The oranges from Spain are sweet.

2. Перед неисчисляемыми вещественными существительными, если речь идет о веществе в общем смысле. Water is necessary for life. I like coffee. Snow is white. But: The water in the glass is very hot. Pass me the bread, please. I bought some tea yesterday. The tea was excellent.

3. Перед отвлеченными существительными (названия признаков, действий, состояний, чувств, явлений, наук, искусств) в общем смысле. Knowledge is power. Smoking is harmful for you. Green is her favourite colour. He likes music. I’ll do it with pleasure. She teachers history. English is necessary for me in my future work. But: We study the history of our country. I like the music of this ballet. The English language is very popular nowadays.

4. Перед существительными, уже имеющими определители (местоимения, количественные числительные). My room is large. This book is interesting. I have some magazines. I saw two men in the room. Open page twenty.

5. Перед названиями времени суток day, night, evening, morning, noon, afternoon, dusk, midnight, daytime, sunrise, sunset, dawn, если они употребляются: 1 ) как часть составного именного сказуемого: It was morning, but they were still at work; 2 ) после предлогов at, after, before, by, till: We went out at dawn. They returned after sunset; 3 ) для обозначения «света» и «темноты»: Night came; 4 ) после прилагательных late, early: It was late evening. It is early morning now; 5 ) в словосочетаниях: all day, all night, day by day, from morning till night, day and night, from day to day. But: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening. It was a frosty night. The day came when he told her of his love.

6. Перед названиями дней недели, месяцев, времен года. Monday is known to be a hard day. See you next Saturday. He phoned me last Friday. It is rainy in October. Summer is my favourite season. But: It was the autumn of 1990 when he joined the army.

7. Перед названиями приема пищи breakfast, dinner, supper, lunch, tea, high tea. He usually has lunch at the club. Who cooks breakfast for you? But: Do you remember the supper in the garden?

8. Перед названиями видов спорта: to play football, to play volleyball.

9. Перед существительными, определяемыми количественными числительными. World War II began in 1939. He lives in Flat 12. Take Bus 2.

10. Перед существительными school, college, university, class, hospital, prison, church, bed, sea, town, home, work, office, holiday в случаях «распредмечивания». I went to school at the age of 7. She goes to University, she is a good student. John is in hospital, he is seriously ill. They are in class at the moment. I am going to bed, I’m tired. Fred is at work now. She always goes to church on Sundays. But: There is a meeting at the school. Harrow is a public school. Make the bed, please.

11. В устойчивых выражениях: by car, by train, by plane, by bus, by ship, by boat, by sea, by land, by air, by Underground, by mistake, by name, by chance, by heart, on foot, on board, on demand, on credit, on sale, in/on time, in fact, in conclusion, in debt, from head to foot, from day to day, from time to time, from beginning to end, day and night, to go to sleep, to take dinner, to take part in, to take place, to take care of, to declare war, to loose sight, out of town, at first sight, out of doors, for hours, for ages.

Артикль не употребляется с именами собственными в следующих случаях:

1. Перед именами, фамилиями, кличками, обращениями, званиями: Kate, Miss Brown, Dr Wilmot, Colonel Davidson, Spotty, How old are you, young man?

2. Перед существительными Mother, Father, Uncle, Aunt, etc. в роли членов одной и той же семьи: Has Mother come back yet? Father wants to speak to you.

3. Перед названиями континентов, стран, графств, штатов, городов: Africa, South America, Europe, France, Russia, Berkshire, Texas, Moscow, London. But: the north of England, the south of Africa.

4. Перед названиями улиц, площадей, парков, мостов: Oxford Street, 42nd Street, 17th Avenue, Hyde Park, Trafalgar Square, Tower Bridge. But: the High Street, the Mall, the Strand, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Severn Bridge.

5. Перед названиями аэропортов, вокзалов, станций: Heathrow, Sheremetyevo, Victoria Station.

6. Перед названиями школ, колледжей и университетов: Grinnell College, Cambridge University, Smolensk State University. But: the University of London.

7. Перед названиями отдельных островов и гор: Elbrus, Madagascar.

8. Перед буквенными названиями организаций, если аббревиатура произносится как слово: NATO, OPEC. But: the UN.

9. Перед названиями журналов и зарубежных газет: Punch, Language, Pravda, Der Spiegel.

10. Перед названиями космических кораблей: Challenger, Apollo.

11. Перед названиями известных торговых марок: General Motors, Sony.

12. Перед названиями планет: Pluto, Jupiter. But: the Earth.

 

Grammar Practice

Ex.1. Put in a or an.

1. She is … architect. 2. Do you want … potato? 3. Can you lend me … computer disc? 4. He is … American. 5. I borrowed … interesting book from the library. 6. I have got … idea! 7. Why should … university be so prestigious? 8. What … pity! 9. It’s … insect. 10. He is … Conservative. 11. It’s … Picasso painting. 12. It’s … Shakespeare sonnet. 13. There is … sandwich on the plate. 14. It won’t take you …hour and … half. 15. He is such … intelligent man! 16. What … beautiful woman! 17. It’s … young animal. 18. Drink this medicine two times … hour.

Ex.2. Turn the sentences into the plural.

Model: She is an architect – They are architects.

1. An old computer isn’t expensive. 2. Have you got a cat at home? 3. There isn’t a tram in the street. 4. She is a teacher. 5. Why is a car so expensive? 6. A doctor needs years of training. 7. This is a Chinese restaurant. 8. That is a Rastrelli palace. 9. He is an experienced engineer.

 

Ex.3. Answer the questions.

1. How much are these apples? – 50 roubles / kilo. 2. How often do you take these pills? – Twice / day. 3. What speed are you driving? – 100 km / hour. 4. How many miles a litre do you do? – 6 miles / litre. 5. How often is the mail delivered? – Three times / week. 6. How much does olive oil cost? – $5 / bottle.

 

Ex.4. Supply a / an where necessary.

1. I’m going to bed. I have got … headache. 2. I was awake all night with … toothache. 3. Henry has got … flu. 4. The children are in bed with … mumps. 5. Mind you don’t catch … cold. 6. Don’t come near me. I have got … sore throat. 7. She has got … high blood pressure. 8. What … witty man! 9. What … good children! 10. What … nasty weather! 11. What … interesting film! 12. What … wonderful news! 13. What … strange answer! 14. What … valuable information! 15. What … informative article! 16. What … beautiful hair she has! 17. What … nice flowers! 18. He is such … wise man. 19. What … juicy oranges!

Ex.5. Supply a / an or the.

1. We are going to write … test. … test is rather difficult. 2. They have got … cat and … dog at home. … cat always scratches … dog. 3. I saw … car. … car stopped outside our house. 4. There is … new student in our class. … student is from Italy. 5. You should take … knife to open the tin. … knife is in the box. 6. Mary has got … good job. She devotes much time to … job. 7. Her son got … bad mark at school yesterday, but … mark didn’t upset him. 8. They gave … party last week. Everybody enjoyed … party. 9. He met … girl at the disco, … girl was … nice dancer. 10. My brother bought … new flat. … flat is small but quite comfortable. 11. She saw … nice dress in the shop, but … dress was too expensive for her to buy it. 12. I have … CD player, but … CD player doesn’t work.

 

Ex.6. Supply a / an, the or ‘–‘.

1. George got … B.Sc. (Bachelor of Science) from … Durham University two years ago. 2. Mike is sure he has seen … UFO (Unidentified Flying Object). 3. They bought … new VW. 4. … EC (European Community) does a lot of trade all over the world. 5. Do you know how much … MP (Member of Parliament) earns? 6. Which countries belong to … NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)? 7. We started to learn … BASIC (Beginners’ All-purpose Instruction Code) last year. 8. We are members of … UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). 9. … NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) had a setback in 1986. 10. … Brazilians speak … Portuguese, but … Mexicans speak …Spanish. 11. … Swiss are famous for their … watches. 12. … English, … Scots, … Welsh and … Irish are the main nationalities in the UK. 13. Robin Hood robbed … rich and gave the money to … poor. 14. … unemployed should be helped.

 

Ex.7. Supply a / an, the or ‘–‘.

1. We were looking for … place to spend the night. … place we found turned out to be … nice village. … village was called Londsworth. 2. Yes, my name is … Smith, but I’m not … Smith you are looking for. 3. Who is at … door? – It’s … postman. 4. Please, go to … supermarket and buy … some bread. 5. I’ve got … appointment this afternoon. I’m going to … doctor’s. 6. We went to … theatre last evening and saw “Flames”. It was … wonderful play. 7. We prefer to spend our holidays in … country. 8. He has seen what … earth looks like from … moon. 9. Look at … room. … ceiling and … walls need decorating, but … floor is in good order. We’ll cover it with … carpet. 10. This is … nice small computer. … top lifts up to form … screen; … front lifts off to form … keyboard and … whole thing weighs only … 5 kilos. 11. There are only … few seats left for … tonight’s performance. 12. … student must have his ID card to be admitted to … library.

 

Ex.8. Supply a / an, the or ‘–‘.

1. It was … evening. 2. It was … warm summer morning. 3. It was … early morning. 4. … evening was pleasant. 5. Let’s meet in … evening, I’ll be busy in … afternoon. 6. It snowed at … night. 7. It was … late evening. 8. We started early in … morning. 9. … night came, … day broke, but there was no sign of the plane. 10. She will get home before … sunset. 11. The children were cold though it was … warm night. 12. I can never forget … morning of my first working day. 13. They came late at … night. 14. We are setting off at … sunrise. 15. You must be at home before … midnight. 16. We reached the village before … sunset. 17. I had … nice evening at the Greens’.

 

 

Ex.9. Supply the or ‘–‘.

1. The Russians like … good hard winter with plenty of snow. 2. Nature is so beautiful in … spring. 3. In this country … spring is always cool, … summer is hot, … autumn is wet, … winter is frosty. 4. Do you still remember … spring when you first told me of your love? 5. It’s so nice to walk in the forest in … early spring. 6. It was … late autumn. 7. … summer of 2006 was cool and rainy. 8. I like … summer best. 9. What does he usually do in … winter? 10. … spring makes people feel young. 11. It was … golden autumn. 12. We met in … summer of 2006.

Ex.10. Supply a / an, the or ‘–‘.

1. Let’s settle all business matters before … dinner. 2. I always have a cup of black coffee with sandwiches for … breakfast. 3. Mary, is … dinner ready? 4. Something is burning! – Oh, I’ve forgotten about … supper again. 5. How much did you pay for … lunch? 6. They usually have … tea at 5 o’clock, don’t they? 7. They had … delicious supper at the café. 8. Most people watch TV after … supper. 9. When … tea is ready we’ll call you. 10. How many people will be present? How much wine shall we have for … supper? 11. I usually have … light supper. 12. … supper you cooked was delicious. 13. Don’t burn … dinner again! 14. … dinner is served.

Ex.11. Supply the or ‘–‘.

1. … Adriatic Sea, which is between the coasts of … Italy and … Slovenia, is an arm of … Mediterranean Sea. 2. … Swiss Alps are a good place for skiing. 3. “My heart is in … Highlands”. 4. … Chicago River flows south towards … Gulf of … Mexico. 5. … Panama Canal connects … Atlantic and … Pacific Oceans. 6. … Volga flows from … Valdai Hills to … Caspian Sea. 7. We get tea mostly from … China and … Ceylon. 8. … Alaska is the biggest state in … USA. 9. Where are … British Isles situated? 10. The pupil showed … Europe, … Asia, … North and … South America, … Africa on the map, but he completely forgot about … Australia. 11. I’d like to travel down … Nile as far as … Luxor. 12. Ferguson travelled everywhere from … Central Asia to … Arctic. 13. Have you ever been to … Far East? 14. … Baikal is the deepest lake in the world. 15. Don’t try to cross … Sahara without being properly prepared. 16. There’s a wonderful view of … Lake Geneva from here. 17. I’d love to do a tour of European cities and visit … London, … Paris, …Vienna and … Hague. 18. … Republic of … Ireland is situated on the island of … Ireland. 19. … Bahamas are a popular place with divers. 20. I’ve been climbing in … Caucasus, but I have never managed to get up … Everest. 21. What is … capital of … Netherlands? 22. … Niagara Falls is on … Niagara River between … Lake Erie and … Lake Ontario. 23. We spent a good time on … island of … Crete.

Ex.12. Supply the or ‘–‘.

1. … Tverskaya Street is the central street of Moscow. 2. … National Gallery faces … Trafalgar Square. 3. When did you arrive at … Heathrow airport? 4. … Bolshoy Theatre is famous for its ballet. 5. What’s on at … “Odeon”? 6. They always stay at … Hilton Hotel. 7. Tourists usually do shopping in … Oxford Street. 8. … London Zoo is situated in … Regent Park of London. 9. There is a wonderful collection of Modern Art in … Tate Gallery. 10. What is … British Museum famous for? 11. He used to read … Times and … Washington Post. 12. … United Nations was settled in 1949. 13. Her oldest son joined … Navy and the youngest served in … Army. 14. France celebrated the 200th anniversary of … French Revolution in 1989. 15. We had an early dinner at … Leoni’s and then went to a play at … Globe Theatre. 16. Do you know the song about … London Bridge? 17. She lives at 27 … Montague Road. 18. You can’t leave London without seeing … Buckingham Palace, … St. Paul’s Cathedral, … Piccadilly Circus and … Tower. 19. … Oxford and Cambridge universities are the oldest in Britain. 20. … University of London provides students with technical training. 21. She bought this coat at … Harrods. 22. … Gatwick airport is in … southern England. 23. His favourite newspaper is … “Gardian”. 24. Let’s have a walk around … St. James’ Park. 25. … Railway Museum was shut last Sunday.

 

 

Ex.13. Insert a /an or the.

1. Ann looked everywhere for … badminton net. It was in … attic. 2. Who do you suppose was at … meeting? 3. … woman who is giving … speech is … university teacher. 4. Do you know … white-headed man who is feeding … pigeons? 5. What do you think of … discussion that followed … conference? 6. … melon is ripe, juicy and has … sweet taste. 7. Unless … rain stops … picnic will be held under … pavilion. 8. My sister works in... large hospital in London. She is … doctor. 9. … weather was lovely when I woke up yesterday morning: … sun was shining, … sky was blue. 10. … government plans to help … poor and … unemployed. 11. Who is … person that borrowed her umbrella? 12. It was … nice house but … stairs were too steep for … old man. 13. They gave Ann … guitar for … Christmas. She is good at playing … guitar, … piano, … violin. On … whole, she is … gifted girl. 14. Everything he has said is … lie. He made up … whole story. 15. … village of Baydon where he lived as … child, has now become part of … town. 16. Are you … person who telephoned me … hour ago? 17. If I’m accepted for … job, I’ll have to start at … beginning of September. 18. We spent … wonderful evening with … Stones. 19. It was … very stormy night. 20. … student at … back of … class was eating.

 

Ex.14. Supply a / an, the or ‘–‘.

1. I’m really tired and I’m going to … bed. 2. Your shoes are under … bed. 3. Tim has been in … bed for hours. 4. We have bought … nice bed. 5. We took some photos outside … church. 6. She always goes to … church on Sundays. 7. Have you ever worked at … factory? 8. Sue is in … class now. 9. My father is a sailor. He has gone to … sea when he was 18. 10. We go to … university five days a week. 11. Mark has been taken to … hospital. How long will he be in … hospital? 12. I’d like to visit my Granny in … hospital. 13. There is a strike in … hospital. 14. We have got … new modern hospital. 15. When do you get home from … office? 16. John is at … work at the moment. 17. Jane has gone to … school for a meeting. 18. … Harrow school is … public school. 19. Let’s not stay in … town at the weekend. 20. They were put in … prison for robbery. 21. We are not going on … holiday this year, we are trying to save … money.

Ex.15. Supply the or ‘–‘.

1. She doesn’t eat … meat. 2. … meat we ordered was very tough. 3. As one said, … life is just one damned thing after another. 4. I don’t know much about … life of … Napoleon. 5. … running is good for me. 6. … red is her favourite colour. 7. I think … red one suits you best. 8. We have studied … English for ten years. 9. … English language is necessary for my future work. 10. … watches have become very attractive. 11. Most of … watches you see in the shop work on … quartz. 12. … Bach gives me much pleasure. 13. … Bach recording you presented me is first class. 14. What has been the longest period of … peace in … history? 15. If you study … History, you have to read much. 16. … Christmas is my favourite holiday. 17. … time is … money. 18. I regret … time I spent in the country. 19. Can you play … piano? 20. He usually plays … volleyball on … Tuesdays. 21. While there’s … life – there is … hope. 22. What … charming people your parents are! 23. For … further information phone … number below. 24. It’s more difficult to play … violin than to learn to play … tennis. 25. It’s … time you were more serious. 26. Look at … time, we’d better get moving.

 

Ex.16. Insert the or ‘–’.

1. … Johnsons are going to visit … USA and … Canada in … winter. 2. What … lovely weather we are having today! 3. … pollution is one of … greatest problems facing … mankind. 4. How delicious … cake is! 5. They have two holiday homes: one in … mountains and … other at … seaside. 6. … small room was crammed with … furniture. 7. When I was at … school I was really bad at … History. 8. … chopsticks are used a lot in … Japan. 9. I learnt … French at … school, but when I tried to speak … French couldn’t understand me. 10. … government has promised to spend more money on … health and … education. 11. … police showed him lots of photos but he wasn’t able to pick out … man who robbed … bank. 12. … letter is from … Browns with whom I stayed … last summer. 13. … film takes us back to … time of … American war of … Independence. 14. … money he borrowed from his uncle was of little help. 15. I don’t mind staying at … home and looking after … children. 16. … Royal Hotel was completely destroyed by fire … last Saturday. 17. … birds can fly high in … sky. 18. They managed to arrive on … time despite … heavy snow storm. 19. … statue of Eros is located in … Piccadilly Circus. 20. He has just given me … very helpful advice. 21. Do you like … big cities? – No, I come from a small town in … mountains. … tourists seldom come so far to … north of... Great Britain.

Ex.17. Supply a / an, the or ‘–‘.

1. … trip costs … lot of … money. 2. She failed us! What … surprise! What … shame! What … shock! 3. I think you are telling … lie now. 4. Did you have … lovely time at … picnic? 5. I was feeling hungry so I had … snack. 6. You have made … mistake. 7. Could you give me … lift to the university? 8. Have … look at … sky. It looks like … rain. 9. She will have … shower and return in … hour and … half. 10. I’ll have to make … speech at the reception. 11. I assure you I’m telling … truth. 12. In … England and … Japan they drive on … left. 13. … Henry … VIII had … six wives. 14. In … August we don’t go to … university. 15. I like to stay at … home on … cold nights. 16. … Independence Day is on … 4th of … July. 17. Nancy didn’t go to … work yesterday. 18. … advice you gave me was very helpful. 19. She likes to be in … centre of … attention. 20. He lives in … north of … Africa. 21. George likes to listen to … music and he likes … jazz best.

 

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