Переведите в письменной форме абзацы 2, 3, 4.

3. Найдите герундий и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. Sending prisoners to Australia helped English King to solve social problems.

2. Visiting Australia can be dangerous.

3. Living in a desert requires much strength.

 

4. Выберите требуемую форму глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. If we have enough money, we (will go, would go) to Australia.

2. If I went to Sidney, I (will visit, would visit) Sidney Opera House.

3. If you (phoned, had phoned) me yesterday, I would have joined you.

 

5. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен:

1. Anna said that she had visited Canberra a year before.

2. Mom asked me where I had been the previous day.

3. Everyone knew that Aborigines were Australia’s native people.

Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.

1. Australia is a large country lying between the Indian and Pacific oceans

2. Having been discovered in 1770, Australia was called “Terra Incognita”.

3. Animals inhabiting Australia are very rare.

7. а) Прочтите и переведите текст. Выполните задания, которые следуют за ним:

Electronic memory comes in a variety of forms to serve a variety of purposes. Flash memory is used for easy and fast information storage in such devices as digital cameras and home video game consoles. It is used more as a hard drive than as RAM. In fact, flash memory is considered a solid state storage device. Solid state means that there are no moving parts - everything is electronic instead of mechanical.

б) Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на согласование времен:

1. The professor asked the students how flash memory was used.

2. Dad told us that he had work at that plant all his life.

3. He asked us why there were no moving parts.

в) Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия:

1. Electronic memory comes in a variety of forms serving a variety of purposes

2. Solid state means that there are no moving parts.

3. Playing video games, children spent time gaily.

г) Напишите пять вопросов к тексту, которые начинаются следующими словами: How…? Is...? Does...? Are…? Why…?

Vocabulary

to establish — основывать, учреждать

maritime climate – морской климат

monarchy – монархияmonarch— монарх

to grow barley – выращивать ячмень

danger — опасность dangerous — опасный

to take precautions — принять меры предосторожности

household installations — домашние приборы

to connect in series — соединять последовательно

to melt — плавить(ся)

to blow (blew, blown ) — сгорать (о предохранителе)

to earth — заземлять

insulating material – изоляционный материал

capacitor – конденсатор

radio waves – радиоволны

fault – неисправность, повреждение faulty apparatus- неисправный прибор

cross-section — поперечное сечение

to increase (to decrease) resistance— повысить (понизить) сопротивление

to measure – измерять

oxygen – кислород

to be abundant — иметься в изобилии

fractional distillation — дробная (фракционная) перегонка

chlorine – хлор

soluble – растворимый

furnace — печь (blast furnace– доменная печь)

to weld – сваривать

rescue team — спасательная команда

hydrogen – водород

inhabitant - обитаемый

fertile croplands – плодородные поля

urban – урбанизированный, городской

far colonies – отдаленные колонии

 

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ

Тексты для самостоятельного чтения. Семестр 3.

Вариант 1.

Текст 1.

THE EARTH

The Earth is a planet. It rotates on its axis, revolves around the Sun and moves with the Sun through space. The Earth gets its warm and light from the Sun. All around the Earth is atmosphere. We breathe it, and it gives us our weather. The air is always moving. The movements of the air make our winds. Small drops of water in the air form clouds. And as the clouds move about they bring us rain and snow and storms.

The equatorial diameter of the Earth is 12, 756 kilometers; The Earth is like a sphere, but flat at the poles. This makes a difference of only 43 kilometers between the Earth's diameter at the equator and the diameter at the poles. The weight of the Earth is the figure 6 followed by 21 zeros if count in tons.

The terrestrial globe revolves on its axis for 24 hours. When the terrestrial globe faces to the Sun, we can see sunlight and we have day. When terrestrial globe turns away from the Sun's light, we have night. When our part begins to turn toward the Sun and we see the first sunlight, we call it morning. When we are facing the Sun most directly, it is noon. When the Earth begins to turn away from the Sun, we have afternoon and evening, and night.

The average speed revolution of the Earth round the Sun is 29, 8 kilometers per second. The small eccentricity the orbit of the Earth does the little difference in its speed, but there is a difference in the length of the seasons because of this variation. The number of days between the beginning of spring and of autumn, in the northern hemisphere is 186, but the number of days between the beginning of autumn and the beginning of spring is 179.

The Earth takes 365 1/4 days to travel around the Sun, This makes our year. As the Earth travels around, first one pole then the other is tilted toward the Sun. When the North Pole tilts toward the Sun, the rays of the Sun fall straighter down on the northern half of the world. It is warmer and it has its summer (June, July and August). It also has longer days, because it turns to the Sun more of the time. When the South Pole is toward the Sun, the southern half of the world is warmer, and it has its summer (December, January and February). Then the northern half is getting less direct sunshine, because it tilts away from the Sun. It has shorter days. It has winter. The seasons between them we call spring and autumn.

ULTRAVIOLET AND INFRARED

Visible light covers a very small part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Just above and below the visible light range are ultraviolet and infrared light. The " ultra" in ultraviolet tells us that this light lies at frequencies higher than that of violet light lies; and the " infra" in infrared tells us that this light lies at frequencies lower than red.

Ultraviolet has a shorter, and infrared has longer wave lengths than visible light. The radiations were discovered long before anyone thought of electromagnetism. When light was passed through a prism and formed a spectrum on screen, scientists found that heating effect occur beyond the edges of the visible light spectrum.

Ultraviolet radiation produces many effects, some useful and some unpleasant. A certain amount of ultraviolet radiation is good for our health. It helps to form vitamin D in the skin. Ultraviolet light also kills microbes, and for that reason it is used in hospitals and to sterilize food.

Direct ultraviolet radiation is very bad for the eyes. This is one reason why it is dangerous to look directly at the sun. On the other hand, the human eye is quite capable of dealing with normal doses of scattered ultraviolet light.

Infrared energy is being used in automatic regulation of chemical and biological processes, temperature measurement and control during manufacture of textiles, plastics and metals. New applications are appearing in navigation and aviation, weather research numerous scientific projects.

Other applications for infrared are found in photography aerial mapping, communications and control techniques.

Infrared energy is in use all around us. Infrared techniques are of great value in many industrial applications and are considered indispensable in many others. The possibilities of its application appear to be limited only by the imagination and skill of the user.

RADAR

Electromagnetic waves is the super high frequency range, that is waves of between about 1 and 10 centimeters in length, are reflected by large solid object in much the same manner as light. They are however, able to travel greater distances than light in the Earth's atmosphere, because they are not reflected or diffused by small dust particles in the atmosphere. If, therefore, a transmitter sends out a beam of these centimeter waves, an adjacent receiver can be make to pick up any of the beam that is reflected back by a large solid object. In this way distant object that are not visible by light can be located. By suitable scanning arrangements, the position and shape of the object can be outlined on a cathode ray tube. Thus, electromagnetic waves of these frequencies, which are called radar frequencies, provide a method of " seeing" in the dark or in the fog.

1. Without electronic equipment space flights would be impossible. 2. It is required that natural piezo (pai'izou) electric crystals of quartz should be used in radio broadcasting transmitters. 3. Without quantum electronics these instruments could not be developed. 4. Modern complex controls can perform functions which man would not be able to carry out. 5. The engineer suggested this photographic cell should be used for measuring temperature. 6. Everything might have been solved long ago.

Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What is the Earth?

2. How fast is the Earth?

3. When do we have night and day?

4. How fast does the Earth travel around the Sun?

5. What seasons does the Earth have?

6. Where are ultraviolet and infrared light?

7. Where are ultraviolet and infrared energies used?

Текст 2

SOURCES OF POWER

The industrial progress of mankind is based on power; power for industrial plants, machines, heating and lighting system, transport. In fact, one can hardly find a sphere where power is not required.

At present most of the power required of obtained mainly, from two sources. One is from burning of fossil fuels, i.e. coal, natural gas and oil, for producing heat that will operate internal- and external-combustion engines. Many of these engines will actuate generators, which produce electricity. The second way of producing electricity is by means of generators that get their power from steam of water turbines. Electricity so produced then flows through transmission lines to houses, industrial plants, enterprises, etc.

It should be noted, however, that the generation of electricity by these conventional processes is highly uneconomic. Actually, only about 40 per cent of heat in the fuel is converted into electricity. Resides, the world resources of fossil fuels are not everlasting. On the other hand, the power produced hydroelectric plants, even if increased many times, will be able to provide for only a small fraction of the power required in near future.

Therefore much effort and thought are being given to other means of generating electricity.

One is the energy of hot water. Not long ago we began utilizing hot underground water for heating and hot water supply, and in some cases, for the generation of electric power.

Another promising field for the production of electricity is the se of ocean tides.

The energy of the Sun, which is being used in various ways, presents a practically unlimited source.

Using atomic fuel for the production of electricity is highly remising. It is a well-known fact, that one pound of uranium contains s much energy as there million pounds of coal, such cheap power can с provided wherever it is required. However, the efficiency reached in generating power from atomic fuel is not high, namely 40 per cent. No wonder, therefore, that scientists all over the world are doing their best to find more efficient ways of generating electricity directly from the fuel (without using intermediate cycles). They already succeeded developing some processes, which are much more efficient, as high as 80 per cent, and in creating a number of devices capable of giving a higher efficiency. Scientists are hard at work trying to solve all these and many other problems.

SOLAR POWER

The Sun's energy manifests itself as thermal, photoelectric and photochemical effects. Men have tried to use solar energy since earliest times, but no means existed to generate useful power from the Sun's heat until steam and hot-air engines were invented.

Crude devices for heating water by solar energy date back many years, and production of salt by solar evaporation of sea water is probably the most ancient of man's sun-activated processes. Photo­electricity has been known for almost a century, and millions of selenium photocells have been used as light meters and in similar application.

Most fundamental of all thermal solar processes is the simple fact that, when sunlight falls upon a surface of any kind, the surface becomes warmer than the surrounding air. The extentrise of the surface temperature depends upon many factors. The most important of which are the angle between the surface and the sun's rays, the absorptivityof the surface and precautionstaken to prevent the surface from losing the absorbed heat.

The angle effect is caused by the fact that the Sun's rays travel in straight lines. When a surface is perpendicular to the rays, their intensity is at its maximum; the surface being horizontal, the radiation intensity drops off and reaches its minimum.

The most effective way to minimize the loss of energy from the heated surface is to Cover it with one or more sheets of a glass-like material. This material is transparent to the Sun's rays but opaqueto the longer wave length emitted by the warmed surface. The air space between the surface and the glass is an effective prevention of heat loss by convection.

A flat plate of blackened metal covered with one or more transparent sheets of glass or plastic is known to be the simplest collector of solar energy. Once collected, heat can be used in a variety of ways. Here are some of the potential and actual applications.

Space heating is probably the most important, since nearly one-third of our energy supply is used for this purpose. Water heating can be achieved by portable solar heaters, which are able to give as much as 400 litres of boiling water on a sunny day.

The distillation of sea's water is another process to be accomplished by variations of the simple plate collector. The production of temperatures low enough for air conditioning and domestic refrigeration is a very important potential use of solar energy which is only now beginning to receive the attention it deserves.

SOLAR SYSTEM

Our Sun and Earth, our Moon and the planets, meteors and comets belong to the “family of the Sun” which we call our “solar system”.

Our solar system includes of nine planets and their moons. The closest planet to the sun is Mercury/ No other planet receives more light and heat that this one. It is a smallest of the planets. Mercury revolves around the Sun at a higher rate of speed than other planets. Its speed is much higher than theirs.

Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. Venus is not so large as Jupiter, but it is the brightest planet in the sky. We see its quiet light in the morning as well as in the evening. When it is in the West it is the first point of light which we see in the evening. We see it best of all on a dark night. The darker night grows the brighter it shines and the better we see it. When Venus appears in the Fast it is possible to see it in the early morning hours as well.

Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What are the main two sources of power?

2.What other means of generating electricity do you know?

3.Why is the energy of the Sun a practically unlimited source?

4.How is the solar power used now?

5.What are portable solar heaters?

6.What does our solar system consist of?

7.How many planets does the solar system include?

Текст 3

THE INTERNET

The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a mil­itary experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one com­puter to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet swithing. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-swithing network already survived a war. It was the Iraqi computer network which was not knocked out dur­ing the Gulf War.

Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50 %) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other coun­tries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions, and their number is growing by thousands each month worldwide.

The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving e-mail messages. However, other popular services are avail­able on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher.

In many developing countries the Internet may provide business­men with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecom­munications systems of these countries. Commercial users can com­municate over the Internet with the rest of the world and can do it very cheaply. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world. But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: an user pays his/her service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larg­er service provider. And part of the fee got by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations.

But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase. For example, some western architecture compa­nies and garment centers already transmit their basic designs and con­cepts over the Internet into China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled — but inexpensive — Chinese computer-aided-design spe­cialists.

However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special comput­ers called routers. Because of this, it is possible to get into any of computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many strong encoding programs available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encoding, i.e. " in the clear". But when it becomes neces­sary to send important information over the network, these encoding programs may be useful. Some American banks and companies even conduct transactions over the Internet. However, there are still both commercial and technical problems which will take time to be resolved.

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