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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
NEWSPAPERS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE USAСтр 1 из 4Следующая ⇒
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Настоящее учебное пособие призвано познакомить студентов с функциональными особенностями языка английской газеты и телевизионных новостей, подготовить изучающих английский язык к восприятию и переводу англоязычных текстов в печатных и электронных средствах массовой информации, к ведению беседы на английском языке по тематике пособия и к овладению навыками перевода общественно- политических текстов с русского языка на английский. Пособие состоит из шести разделов: 1. Газеты Великобритании и США (Т. В. Савосина); 2. Язык прессы (С. А. Луканина); 3. Электронные средства массовой информации (Т. В. Савосина); 4. Визиты (Е. А. Эйнуллаева); 5. Переговоры (Е. А. Эйнуллаева); 6. Беженцы (Т. В. Савосина). Каждый раздел включает список активной лексики, основной текст (тексты), упражнения на активизацию лексики и развитие навыков устной речи, а также дополнительные тексты для закрепления речевых и переводческих навыков. Завершает пособие алфавитный список государств мира (сост. С. Г. Ваняшкин), в котором для каждой страны приводятся ее общеупотребительное название, официальное наименование, название столицы, прилагательное, указывающее на национальную принадлежность, и существительное, обозначающее жителя страны. В пособии использованы материалы британской, американской и российской прессы и телевизионных новостей. NEWSPAPERS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE USA " When a dog bites a man, that is not news, because it happens so often. But if a man bites a dog, that is news." John B. Bogart Vocabulary
NEWSPAPER AS IT IS
A newspaper contains news, editorials, interviews, cartoons, information about sports, art, music, books and general entertainment, including radio and TV programmes. Writers, observers and news analysts write specific features, there is a business section, a family page, comics, general advertisement, real estate and employment ads (classified ads). Newspaper columnists write regularly on specific subjects, such as politics, sports and business. One of the first pages usually carries an editorial. It is an article that explicitly states the opinions of the editor or publisher on some issue that they consider important. The editorial is sometimes called the leading article or the leader. However the name " the leading article" may also refer to the principal article in the newspaper. Complete news coverage of an event must include all the information available. When a newspaper reporter covers a news event, he is responsible for obtaining the material and for presenting it objectively. Most newspapers carry a few cartoons, which, if political, may appear on the editorial pages, and also comics. Advertisements usually take up a large part of newspaper space. A cleverly planned newspaper advertisement will cause the reader to stop and read it. They are called eye-catching ads as they leap to the reader's eye. Special mention should be made of newspaper headlines. Different headlines on different pages are printed in various sizes of type. This helps to differentiate the material carried by the paper and draw the reader's attention to various kinds of news as well as to avoid monotony of format. BRITISH NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES
The British are avid newspaper readers. Newspapers are often thought of as either 'qualities' or 'populars', which depends on differences in style and content. The 'qualities' are newspapers, which are generally thought to give serious accounts of the news and reports on business matters, industry, culture and society. They are usually large- sized and are called broadsheets. The quality papers, like The Times, The Guardian and others, are directed at readers who want full information on a wide range of public matters and are prepared to spend a considerable amount of time reading it. They appreciate serious news presented seriously. Popular newspapers appeal to people wanting news of a more entertaining character, presented in a more concise form and with lots of illustrations. They offer little amount of political news and explain political issues in an easy and understandable language. Some populars, like The Sun, are noted for their sensational stories and photographs. There are newspapers that come out only on Sundays. Many newspapers are printed in colour, and a number of papers produce colour magazines as part of the Saturday and Sunday paper. They provide reading material about fashion, clothes, cooking and diet, the house and home, motoring and holidays. They publish sections with articles on travel, food and wine, and other leisure topics. The most flourishing magazines are those published for women. Their bright covers are designed to catch the eye, and they certainly succeed in doing so. There is a wide variety of magazines in Britain. There are magazines for the motorist, the farmer, the gardener, the nurse, the wireless enthusiast, and many others. There is always something to read. DAILY NEWSPAPERS 'Qualities' – The Times, Financial Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Independent 'Populars' – Daily Express, Daily Mail, Daily Mirror; Daily Star, The Sun SUNDAY NEWSPAPERS 'Qualities' – The Sunday Telegraph, The Independent on Sunday, The Observer, The Sunday Times 'Populars' – News of the World, Sunday Express, Sunday Mirror, Sunday Sport, The Mail on Sunday
ASSIGNMENTS Answer the following questions.
THE BRITISH PRESS The British press means, primarily, a group of daily and Sunday newspapers published in London. They are known as national in the sense of circulating throughout the British Isles. All the national newspapers have their central offices in London, but those with big circulations also print editions in Manchester (the second largest press centre in Britain) and Glasgow in Scotland. All the newspapers whether daily or Sunday, totalling about twenty, can be divided into two groups: quality papers or broadsheets and popular papers or tabloids. The Times, the Financial Times, the Guardian, the Daily Telegraph and the Independent are known as quality papers. They are analytical, serious national daily papers appealing to the more intellectual and professional readership. They contain political, industrial and cultural news and devote pages to financial matters and international news. They have an undramatic layout (design) with lengthy articles. The other large group are popular papers which are called the tabloid press or tabloids. Here belong such papers as the Daily Express, the Daily Mail, the Daily Mirror, the Daily Star and the Sun. Popular newspapers are smaller in size, have bigger prints and bigger headlines and contain more photographs. They are not so analytical, formal and serious as the quality papers. They concentrate mostly on sensational news, stories of crime, of film and football stars, etc. They contain some political news too, but it is given much less extensive coverage than in the serious press. There are also Sunday newspapers. Some of them are Sunday equivalents of the quality papers. Thus the Sunday Times, the Sunday Telegraph and the Observer are Sunday equivalents of the Times, the Daily Telegraph and the Guardian. They are serious in nature and give detailed coverage of the week's news. The News of the World and the Sunday Mirror are similar to the popular daily papers, dealing mostly with sensational news, rumours and gossip. BRITISH NEWSPAPERS TODAY In Britain there are currently 13 national daily papers, ten Sunday papers, 60 regional evening papers and ten regional morning papers. There are also hundreds of weekly local papers. QUALITY PRESS The term 'quality press' is used to describe papers which were mainly founded before 1896 or which follow the tradition of the journals of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. They contain political, industrial and cultural news, financial matters and international news. Examples of quality daily papers are the Times, the Guardian, and the Independent. The Daily Telegraph, with its circulation of over a million copies, sells more than twice as many copies as any of the other broadsheets. POPULAR PRESS Papers founded after the launching of the Daily Mail in 1896 mainly represent the popular press. Today such papers are largely tabloids, half the size of a broadsheet. 'Tabloid' is a pharmaceutical term, used for substances which were compressed into pills. The tabloids 'compress' the news and are printed on small sheets of paper. They contain sensational stories and aim to excite the reader visually, using techniques such as very large headlines and photographs. Other tabloids include the Daily Mirror, the Daily Star and others. The Sun sells the largest number of copies, over three and a half million copies per day. THE AMERICAN PRESS Unlike Britain the US has no truly national newspapers, though it has some dailies which circulate nationally, such as the Christian Science Monitor and the Wall Street Journal. Among US periodicals there are both quality and sensational papers. Responsible newspapers try to avoid sensationalism, though that does not exclude striking news which every paper wants to publish. Among the serious newspapers that are read on a national scale are the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post. The New York Times gives a wide coverage of national and international news and reports on the arts, health, food, etc. The Wall Street Journal is a business daily newspaper but it also carries news of national importance. The Washington Post is of national interest too because it contains full coverage of the Congress. As to tabloid newspapers, they are smaller in size and they typically use a terse and simple style as well as many pictures. The New York Daily News is the tabloid with the largest circulation. The People's Daily World is a tabloid with a progressive analytical left-of-centre outlook, reporting on national and world news as well as the arts, sports, social issues, public life, etc. NOT SO WELL RED-TOPS The UK tabloids have been suffering a gradual decline in sales and readership for over a decade. Since the early 1990s, almost every national tabloid has seen its circulation fall, while the Daily Mail has bolstered the mid-market and the broadsheets have had a more mixed performance. This trend, attributed to a shift in reader tastes, recently led the Daily Mirror to ditch its red masthead in an attempt to reposition itself as a more 'serious' paper. Early indications are that this has not been successful in stemming the decline. Another attempt to boost sales has been price-cutting: The Sun and the Mirror have just emerged from a fierce cover-price war. It seems that The Sun has won this battle, with circulation up 4.4 per cent since May, while the Mirror has dipped by 1.6 per cent. Over the past five years, The Sun has also boosted its share of the market by 3.2 percentage points to 13.9 per cent, reinforcing its position as market leader. The Mirror, meanwhile, has seen its share fall by 2.1 per cent points to 8.1 per cent. Unit 2 NEWSPAPER LANGUAGE
Vocabulary Notes to the text Newspaper language
NEWSPAPER LANGUAGE
It has long been recognized that newspaper writing has eventually evolved into a separate language style, characterised by a number of features all of which serve the specific purposes of this means of public communication. Depending on the character of reading stuff, which may vary from brief news items to big informational articles, from analytical comment and feature articles to advertisements and announcements, certain devices have come into practical usage and are widely employed as professional tools.
While a detailed analysis of newspaper style can be found in numerous books devoted to the subject, this chapter gives you an outline of some of its general features. Newspaper vocabulary abounds in: · political vocabulary of a general character (top agenda, nuclear weapons, politician, peaceful talks, terror-attack); · political terms (to infringe a UN resolution, weapons inspection, primaries, midterm elections, refugee, political asylum, coup); · legal terms (cross-examination, penitentiary legislation, juvenile delinquency, summons); · economic terms (fiscal year, ordinary shares, depreciation, blue- chip stocks, tax evasion); · technical terms, both those of a general character and those reflecting the latest developments in science, technology and medicine (manufacturing, alloys, injection moulding machines, biotechnology, remote access service, third-generation networks, immune system, side effects, heart attack, to implant a stent, angioplasty); · cultural terms (first-night performance, mainstream filmmakers, script writer, psychedelic artist, acid rock); · sport terms (coach, World Cup, Super Bowl, midfielder, defender, semi-finalist). Since reading a newspaper or a magazine does not as a rule imply a time- consuming routine (unless some material attracts the reader's special attention), a cursory glance should suffice to understand the keynote of each particular piece of information. To facilitate easy and quick understanding, newspaper writers often resort to cliches, stereotyped expressions, and familiar phrases (the crisis deepens, the apparatus of repression, under the cover of the night, people sick of listening to political rhetoric, the hands-off approach, to pull out of a deal, a tough battle, major job cuts, the tide of events is in our favour). The need to save space results in extensive use of abbreviations (GM foods, DNA, EU, NATO, WMF, WTO). Abbreviations are especially frequent in headlines, as they not only stand out graphically, but also are quite often either ambiguous or enigmatic, which can be instrumental in attracting the reader's attention. To understand whether GM stands for General Motors or for genetically modified and to make sure that SUVs means sport-utility vehicles, while NTT is deciphered as Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, one has to take a closer look at the contents of the article. In conclusion of this extremely brief summary of newspaper vocabulary peculiarities, it should be noted that emotionally coloured words serve to reflect the writer's stand on some particular issue and thus are quite frequently used in journalistic writing (ecological devastation, scandalous behaviour, a staggering sum, vicious attacks, a fabulous story). As for grammatical peculiarities of newspaper style, they are most pronounced in 'news-in-brief' sections. News items usually consist of one or two phrases, which are predominantly complex sentences with a developed system of clauses. Study the following examples taken from the Wall Street Journal's front page What's News:
Zimbabwe outlawed insulting gestures and statements aimed at the motorcade of President Mugabe, whose 20-car entourage has faced growing anger in the streets over the country's food shortages and economic crisis.
International schools in Jakarta were closed and under guard amid embassy warnings that Southeast Asian offshoots of al Qaeda considered them targets.
The failed hijacker of an El Al flight bound for Turkey is an Israeli Arab who hoped to fly back to Tel Aviv for a Sept. 11 style attack, his Turkish interrogators said. Twenty Spanish children taken hostage by a knife-wielding teenager at a school near Barcelona were freed by a plainclothes officer, who overpowered him while delivering a pizza. Authorities said the assailant, a former pupil, had demanded a? 1 million ransom.
Syntactical complexes (especially the nominative with the infinitive) which allow an impersonal presentation of facts without referring to the source of information are another typical feature (the project is expected to start, the president appeared to have made his choice). Since headlines are the epitome of newspaper writing, special focus will further be made on some stylistic devices used in headline writing.
ASSIGNMENTS
NEWSPAPER HEADLINES: ASSIGNMENTS
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Настоящее учебное пособие призвано познакомить студентов с функциональными особенностями языка английской газеты и телевизионных новостей, подготовить изучающих английский язык к восприятию и переводу англоязычных текстов в печатных и электронных средствах массовой информации, к ведению беседы на английском языке по тематике пособия и к овладению навыками перевода общественно- политических текстов с русского языка на английский. Пособие состоит из шести разделов: 1. Газеты Великобритании и США (Т. В. Савосина); 2. Язык прессы (С. А. Луканина); 3. Электронные средства массовой информации (Т. В. Савосина); 4. Визиты (Е. А. Эйнуллаева); 5. Переговоры (Е. А. Эйнуллаева); 6. Беженцы (Т. В. Савосина). Каждый раздел включает список активной лексики, основной текст (тексты), упражнения на активизацию лексики и развитие навыков устной речи, а также дополнительные тексты для закрепления речевых и переводческих навыков. Завершает пособие алфавитный список государств мира (сост. С. Г. Ваняшкин), в котором для каждой страны приводятся ее общеупотребительное название, официальное наименование, название столицы, прилагательное, указывающее на национальную принадлежность, и существительное, обозначающее жителя страны. В пособии использованы материалы британской, американской и российской прессы и телевизионных новостей. NEWSPAPERS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND THE USA " When a dog bites a man, that is not news, because it happens so often. But if a man bites a dog, that is news." John B. Bogart Vocabulary
NEWSPAPER AS IT IS
A newspaper contains news, editorials, interviews, cartoons, information about sports, art, music, books and general entertainment, including radio and TV programmes. Writers, observers and news analysts write specific features, there is a business section, a family page, comics, general advertisement, real estate and employment ads (classified ads). Newspaper columnists write regularly on specific subjects, such as politics, sports and business. One of the first pages usually carries an editorial. It is an article that explicitly states the opinions of the editor or publisher on some issue that they consider important. The editorial is sometimes called the leading article or the leader. However the name " the leading article" may also refer to the principal article in the newspaper. Complete news coverage of an event must include all the information available. When a newspaper reporter covers a news event, he is responsible for obtaining the material and for presenting it objectively. Most newspapers carry a few cartoons, which, if political, may appear on the editorial pages, and also comics. Advertisements usually take up a large part of newspaper space. A cleverly planned newspaper advertisement will cause the reader to stop and read it. They are called eye-catching ads as they leap to the reader's eye. Special mention should be made of newspaper headlines. Different headlines on different pages are printed in various sizes of type. This helps to differentiate the material carried by the paper and draw the reader's attention to various kinds of news as well as to avoid monotony of format. |
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