UNIT 5. THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION.

Vocabulary

approach – подход

awareness – осознание

considerations – соображения

(to)disregard – пренебрегать

(to) eliminate – ликвидировать

growing – рост

multifunctionality – многофункциональность

planning – планирование

pollution – загрязнение

remediation – восстановление

scientific – научный

wildlife – живая природа.

Environmental protection is the main problem facing humanity nowadays. Ten years ago, the world «ecology» hardly meant anything for the majority of people, but today we cannot help bearing it in our minds. It has happened because of the growing effect of the rapid industrial development of the natural world, which has negative features of its own. In fact, the state of environment has greatly worsened of late.

Scientific and technological progress of the twenty-first century resulted in widespread mechanization, automated lines computerized management, spaceships, atomic power stations, pipelines, new roads and highways.

But it cannot be denied that the price for rapid industrial development is very high: natural resources are exhausted, the ecological balance of the planet is disturbed; some species of flora and fauna disappear; city and industry waters, chemical and fertilizers are endangering lakes, rivers and ponds. Big cities have a problem with air pollution: the «Killer Smog» caused some 3500-4000 deaths in London in December 1952. Progress can be blamed for all these environmental problems.

In recent years, the pollution problems have received great publicity. The Environmental movement associated with no political party has gained widespread trust and support. Environmental activities stress that industrial pollution and the automobile cause the problem. Long-established environmental groups warn that acid rains threaten many forests. The media is begun to campaign against the ugliness of billboards, tin cans and trash. Many people started to realize that to keep air and water clean, strict pollution control is necessary.

The protection of natural resources and wildlife is becoming a political program in every country. Numerous antipollution acts passed in different countries led to considerable improvements in environment. In many countries purifying system for treatment of industrial waters have been installed, measures have been taken to protect rivers and seas from oil waters. Wildlife reservation models of undisturbed nature are being developed in some parts of the world.

But the environmental problems have grown beyond the concern of a single country. Their solution requires the cooperation of all nations.

Soil pollution has become a priority in many industrialized countries after the inventory of various locations in which contamination was posing risk to people and the environment.

The effects of soil contamination are different:

- soil pollution is a source of risk for humans and ecosystems

- soil contamination is a source of risk for ground work

- for publicly owner sites, a polluted area is a severe planning constraint

- for privately owned sites, a polluted area is a heavy economic burden of remediation expenditures

- the present of polluted areas may hinder and delay some specific developments which imply land use ground work

- remediation expenditures do not offer any increase in productivity, merely the possibility of removing a source of risk and a planning constraint.

The ultimate objective of the operations is to eliminate the risk to a man and the environment and to prevent the dispersion of pollution that is to restore multifunctionality in the shortest possible time. Soil multifunctionality requires that the soil on the site after sanitation should pose no harm to humans, animals or plants, regardless of the use of the site, the type of soil, the type of pollutants and the local situation. This is a very demanding objective, totally driven by environmental quality considerations. There is, however, a growing awareness that other criteria should be included when assessing remediation strategies. One of the reasons is that the costs involved in multifunctional operations are no longer political defendable. There is also a growing recognition that clean-up operations do not necessarily lead to a positive environmental balance. Soil remediation requires the use of resources (like energy and clean water) and may lead to a net transfer of contamination to other compartments (for instance, due to air emissions). Therefore, the single perspective implied by the multifunctionality may result into an approach, which disregards many relevant concerns for soil remediation.

Answer the questions according to the text:

1. Are the environmental problems caused by industrial pollution?

2. What pollutions problems have received great publicity in recent years?

3. Where did numerous antipollution acts pass?

4. The solution of the environmental problems requires the cooperation of all nations, doesn’t they?

5. What has been done to improve the environment in many countries?

Exercises:

1) Change the modal verbs in these statements to their equivalents:

1. The polluted areas must delay some specific developments.

2. Soil recommendation can lead to a net transfer of contamination to other compartments.

3. Scientists can consider multifunctionality as the soil related interpretation of sustainability.

4. Progress can be blamed for all these environmental problems.

2) Translate some international words:

1. Locations.

2. Ignition.

3. Ground.

4. Soil.

5. Area.

6. Contamination.

7. Explosion.

8. Requires.

9. Compartments.

10. Implied.

3) Match English and Russian words and phrases:

1. Various locations a) Многие актуальны

2. Animals or plants b) Исключить риск

3. Eliminate the risk c) Экологический баланс

4. Environmental balance d) Животные и растения

5. Many relevant e) Различные места

4) True and False:

1. The present of polluted areas may hinder and delay some specific developments, which imply land use groundwork.

2. The ultimate objective of the operations is to eliminate the risk to a man and the environment and to prevent the dispersion of pollution, that is to restore little functional in the shortest possible time.

3. Soil pollution is a source of risk for humans and ecosystems.

4. The present of polluted areas may hinder and delay some specific developments, which imply land use groundwork.

5. Remediation expenditures do not offer any increase in productivity, merely the possibility of removing a source of risk and a planning constraint.

5) Form Participle I and Participle II from the next verbs.

1. To improve.

2. To restore.

3. To value.

4. To pose.

5. To depend.

6. To pollute.

7. To complete.

8. To combine.

9. To increase.

10. To lead.

References:

Adapted from “Английский язык по направлениям «Землеустройство и кадастр» Веселовская Н.Г., М. Издательский центр “Академия”2000 г., стр.176

Watch the video and discuss it in class:

http: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=WfgRAMEspQ4

TEST

Choose the right word and complete the sentence.

Some countries have indicated that their cadastral system is based on …

a) budgets

b) titles

Say if it is true or false.

The basic elements of the cadastral system are different countries can be based on titles and deeds.

Complete this sentence with the right preposition.

The financial part of land registration is constantly carrying out … the private sector.

a) in

b) by

c) for

Find English equivalents to the Russian phrases.

1) кадастровая система a) land registration

2) регистрация земли b) guarantee of title

3) гарантия учета c) cadastral system

Fill in each gap with a suitable word: transaction, portfolio.

Land markets are made up of a constantly developing ____ (1) of legal interests and ___ (2) types.

Put the words in the correct order to complete the sentence.

Requirements, are, several, there, key, for, a, market, property, functioning.

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