Prove that the statement below is either true or false

11. A side ditch is used to pour the water to the roadside.

12. The sub-base is the upper and most rigid layer of the pavement.

13. The Romans built roads wholly covered with tar.

14. Construction management is the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project from beginning to completion.

15. Using asphalt to reduce noise levels makes no sense.

Translate into English the following set phrases:

16. поперечное сечение

17. транспортное средство

18. вырубка лесов

19. переработанные материалы

20. насыпь

Fill in the gaps with the word in brackets changing the form into appropriate one:

21. Water from the adjoining land _ generally _____ by the side ditch too. (to collect)

22. The sub-base also reduces the required _______ of the pavement base. (thick)

23. The earthworks were prepared ___________. (care)

24. Construction management techniques are _________. (help)

25. Superpave asphalt mixes resist _________. (to crack)

Fill in the gaps with one of the variants below:

26. _______________ means the ability of soil to allow water to flow away.

a) Cupage

b) Watability

c) Drainage

27. A device for transporting people or things is called ___________.

a) vehicle

b) borrowing

c) transchanger

28. According to modern road construction ___________ are removed entirely.

a) roads

b) geographic obstacles

c) carriageways

29. __________ means determining when an activity should start or end

a) budgeting

b) scheduling

c) screaming

30. When the construction is completed the pavement will start …

a) to penetiate

b) to initiate

c) to deteriorate

Choose the appropriate translation to the sentence:

31. The side ditch generally collects water from the adjoining land.

a) Вода с прилегающего участка, как правило, собирается боковым желобом.

b) Вода заграницей с земли собирается генералами через боковой желоб.

c) Воду с приграничной земли собирают сторонние канавы.

32. The pavement base is not subjected to the direct action of automobile wheels.

a) Тротуарная база – не предмет непосредственного воздействия автомобильных колес.

b) Основание покрытия не метится от автомобильных колес.

c) Основание дорожного покрытия не подвергается непосредственному воздействию автомобильных колес

33. According to modern road construction, geographic obstacles are removed entirely.

a) В соответствии с современными методами строительства географические преграды устраняются полностью

b) Согласно современной дороге строительство географических преград передвигается полностью.

c) На современной дороге создание географических преград полностью смещено.

34. Information is now available to managers and other employees in a faster and reliable way.

a) Информация является сейчас доступной от менеджеров и других работников в быстрый и надежный путь.

b) Информация сейчас доступна о быстрейшем и надежном пути до менеджера и других работников

c) Менеджеры и другие работники теперь быстрей и надежней получают информацию.

35. If pavements are designed, they will last around 50 years.

a) Если тротуары разработаны, они будут строиться 50 лет

b) Если мостовые спроектированы, то они продлятся около 50 лет.

c) Спроектированные мостовые служат около 50 лет.

ENGLISH IN LAND CADASTER.

UNIT 1. CADASTRAL SYSTEM.

Vocabulary

appropriate – подходящий

(to) assess – оценивать

budget – бюджет

comprehensive – всесторонний

coverage – покрытие

deed – документ

digital – цифровой

framework – рама

geocode – геодезический код

guarantee – гарантия

to establish – основывать

jurisdiction – судебное ведомство

(to) impact – воздействовать

legal – законный

liable of – ответственный за

multiple – многократный

security – безопасность

title – учет

trend – направление

The basic elements of the cadastral system are different in different countries can be based on titles and deeds. Some countries have indicated that their cadastral system is based on titles. In most jurisdictions, the cadastral systems include land registration and cadastral mapping, so the cadastre covers the complete territory of the country. Strategic planning, management and operational control for both components of the cadastral system are done within the same organization, which is in all cases, from the public sector. But sometimes tasks of strategic planning and management control are separated among different organizations, some of which are even in the private sector.

Cadastral system were mainly established to serve a legal and for a fiscal purpose. Historically, land records have been established to serve two main purposes. First, as “fiscal” records, primarily for the public sector, they have served as the basic for the full and accurate taxation of land. Second, as “legal” records for the private sector, they have served as registers of ownership and other land rights. The data of the cadastral systems are used planning and environmental impact assessment. A legal basis, however, does not exist everywhere for all of these other purposes.

There are some strengths and weaknesses in the existing cadastral system. The strengths of existing cadastral systems include state guarantee of title, legal security; fast service for users; complete coverage, comprehensive, liable, secure system. System is computerized and automated, digital data; system servers other purposes.

Weaknesses of existing cadastral system involve limited computerization; link land registration- cadastral mapping is not efficient enough or inappropriate. In some cases national consistency could be greater, administrative control over land by different organizations is necessary. One of the disadvantages are low budget funds and incomplete legal framework, little accuracy of maps and slow updating, slow customer service. Financing mode is unsuitable or very expensive. The system has low degree of coverage and high investment cost. Rigid structures, little flexibility, low level of integration are also disadvantages of the existing cadastral system.

Today cadastral systems are strongly influenced by the land information concept. In short, the main trends can be expressed in the following terms: multiple uses, automation, geocodes and digitization.

Modern society has developed into an information society, which both requires, and has the ability for produce accurate information.

However, if the information is to be convenient to handle, it must be linked to identifiable spatial basis for much information – concerning not only the land itself, but also the people living on the land and many of their activities.

Answer the questions according to the text:

1. What do the cadastre systems include?

2. Does the cadastre system cover the complete territory of the countries?

3. Are fiscal and legal records the main purposes of cadastral systems?

4. What are their strengths and weaknesses of exciting cadastral systems?

5. What are the main trends of the cadastral system?

Exercises:

1) Translate next word combinations from Russian to English:

Сильные и слабые стороны, правовые и фискальные цели, основные элементы системы, планирование и управление, частный сектор, земельные записи, государственный или общественный сектор, регистрация владельцев земле, оценка воздействия на окружающую среду.

2) Choose the correct prepositions:

(into, to, of, by, of, on, of)

1. Both cadastres and land mapping should be simple, and concentrate only … the date … their particular purposes.

2. The strengths … existing cadastral systems include land registration.

3. The financial part … land registration is constantly carrying out … the private sector.

4. It is difficult … achieve a high level … integration.

5. Modern society has developed … an information society.

3) Finish next sentences using the words:

(To serve, to adapt, to develop, to work, to became)

1. Land use planners … today on the problem of automating land records.

2. An integrated system … now.

3. Every land information system must be able to … to new developments and new types of date, and to make changes.

4. They have … as registers of ownership and other land rights.

5. The land unit tends to … a legal entity protected by law.

4) Find cognate words from the text:

Arrange, manageable, assessor, cover, convenient, management, arrangement, establishment, coverage, organization, manager, assess, convenience, establish, organize, coverage

5) Add a, an or nothing depending on whether the nouns are countable or uncountable:

e. g. Would you like a chocolate? They are delicious.

1. Do you like chocolate?

2. That was terrible meal!

3. When he gives advice, you should listen carefully.

4. Mummy, can I have ice cream? They are only 50 p.

5. That is great news!

6. Let’s go to café for breakfast.

7. Do you have luggage to carry?

8. That is useful information. Thanks for telling me.

9. I live in village Santa Catarina.

10. He spends money very quickly!

References:

Adapted from

Английский язык по направлениям «Землеустройство и кадастр» Веселовская Н.Г.,
М., Издательский центр «Академия», 2000 г., стр.31

UNIT 2. LAND MARKET.

Vocabulary:

agreement – соглашение

adversely – вредно

(to) consider – рассматривать

commodity – товар

community – общество

(to) derive – происходить

environment – окружающая среда

equal – равный

estate – недвижимость

jurisdiction – юрисдикция

(to) license – лицензировать

market – рынок

mortgage – ипотека, заклад

opportunity – возможность

property – свойство

portfolio – пакет документов

(to) provide – обеспечивать

rental – арендная плата

sharecropping – размежевание

therefore – поэтому

towards – по направлению к

transaction – сделка

Land use and sometimes land ownership have influences on other aspects of society`s economic and noneconomic interest. The general trend towards market economies, often adversely affects men who do not get equal opportunities to use land and property as a commodity.

There is therefore a need for regulations based on environment, social, cultural and political considerations that provide a framework for the activities of the land market.

Land markets are made up of a constantly developing portfolio of legal interests and transaction types.

This portfolio of transaction types includes sale, rental, sharecropping, and licenses, together with associated derivative transactions including mortgages and mortgage markets, and other real estate interest. Some of these transactions types are typically registerable in those jurisdictions that have formal registration institutions, including sales, mortgages, some leases, and some third party interests. Many are not, including particularly those ‘less’ formal interests such as shorter terms of leases or rental agreements, sharecropping agreements and licenses, derivative interests operating «upstreams» of the registerable interests such as secondary mortgage market, and some customary rights.

The general rational for land markets is that, under appropriate institutional frameworks, they will tend systematically to move land towards the most economically efficient ownership and use. This is broadly accepted as a desirable function, particularly given that land is typically the most valuable single class of asset in an economy.

There are several key requirements for a property functioning market. In the majority cases, they include an appropriate legal framework aimed at minimizing risk and uncertainty of land ownership and use. The value of interests in land is closely related to the level of risks and attached to any given interest. Common and important areas of the legal framework include both registration of interests in land and spatial land use planning.

Land registration and the provision of related information as the basis of land transactions underpin the more efficient operation of the land market by two main mechanisms, land registration and similar ownership information systems will provide greater security for those interested in transaction on that property. The other mechanism that registration provides for transactions in the market is to reduce the costs in both time and money by simplifying the legal and other procedures. Again this could be expected to increase the value of registered land by reducing the friction in the market. A land market should always try to move lands towards the mostly economically efficient ownership and use.

Answer the questions according to the text:

1. Does land ownership have influences on any aspects of society?

2. What does land market provide?

3. What does portfolio include?

4. Some transaction types are typically registered in some jurisdictions that have formal registration institutions, aren’t they?

5. Are there several key requirements for a property functioning market?

Exercises:

1) Match the words on the left their meanings on the right.

1. Land a) types

2. Transaction b) interest

3. Developing c) market

4. Legal d) portfolio

5. Economic e) ownership

2) Make up sentences using the following words.

1. a, need, for, based, there, regulations, is, social, on, cultural, environment, political, and consideration.

2. transaction, a types, land, markets, and, made, are, up, constantly, of, portfolio, developing of, legal, interests.

3. a several, there, key, are, property, market, requirements, for, functioning.

4. market, a, land, try, should, always, to, towards, move, lands, mostly, the, use, and, efficient, economically, ownership.

3) Write three forms of the following words:

to make, to take, to give to provide, to add, to come,
to use, to base, to have, to be, to drive, to reduce.

4) Ask the questions underline words.

1. Land markets provide a mechanism for the allocation of ownership.

2. Land use and land ownership have influences on other aspects of the society.

3. Land markets are made up developing portfolio of legal interests and transaction types.

4. This portfolio of transaction types includes sale, rental and licenses.

5. A land market should always try to move lands towards the mostly economically efficient ownership and use.

5) Complete the sentences with next prepositions. (to, of, for, of, on, in, by, for, in, of, in)

1. There are several key requirements … property functioning market.

2. Common and important areas … the legal framework include both registration … interests … land and spatial land use planning.

3. Land registration and similar ownership information systems will provide greater security … those interested … transaction … that property.

4. Again this could be expected … increase the value … registered land … reducing the friction

References:

Adapted from

Английский язык по направлениям «Землеустройство и кадастр» Веселовская Н.Г.,
М., Издательский центр «Академия»2000 г., стр.76

UNIT 3. TOWN PLANNING.

Vocabulary.

amenities – удобства

circumferential – кольцевой

dwelling – жилье

(to)fulfill – выполнять

(to) gain – получать

(to) gain – получать

gross handiwork – ручная работа в чистом виде

(to) imply – подразумевать

rectangular – прямоугольный

(to) seek – искать

turmoil – шум, беспорядок, суматоха

undulation – неровность

As we know, some people live in towns. A town (a city) attractive by its beauty, by its artistic symmetry and design and by the amenities and conveniences, which it offers, will gain a reputation and an individuality, which not only it is council and its landowners, but also its citizens, may be proud.

What then should be the aim of every City? In addition, to answer that question we are at once thrown back upon the question of what should be the individuality by which the City should be marked and known. Bacon says in his Essay of Gardens, «God Almighty first planted a garden. And indeed it is the purest of human pleasures, it’s the greatest refreshment to the spirit of men without which buildings and palaces are but gross handiwork». Surely then the aim should be the one implied by the term «Garden City», beautiful, well planted and finely laid out, known and characterized by the charm and amenities which it can offer to those who seek a residence or dwelling removed from the turmoil, stress and discomforts of a manufacturing district.

The various system of planning which have been adopted in the past are rectangular, radial and circumferential; but the latest schemes for town planning are generally a combination of all three, which allows for the best fulfillment of town planning ideals.

The problem the for the town-planner is to consider his scheme in respect to the configuration and undulations of the site; direction of main radial and circumferential avenues and boulevards; the layout and constriction of avenues and boulevards; open spaces, parks and recreation grounds; tramways; civic centre.

The limitation of the number of houses per acre and height and identical character should be provided. Factories and works must also be placed in the special areas.

Answer the questions according to the text:

1. Are towns and cities beautiful?

2. What is a city attractive by?

3. What is the aim of the city?

4. What is the problem for the town-planner?

5. Should the limitation of the number of houses per acre be provided?

Exercises:

1) Find the synonyms among these words:

Crowd, sidewalk, wanton, irresponsible, intersect, congestion,
cross, horizon, noise, pavement, skyline, turmoil.

2) In the following sentences, choose the right variant.

1. These … (circumferentially, circumferential) routes which connect the various parks and open spaces are largely used by residents, motorists and cyclists as circular drivers.

2. Factories and works should be placed in … (special, specialty) areas.

3. The … (regular, regulation) respect the most important parts of a town planning system.

4. A city is attractive by its … (beauty, beautiful).

5. It is difficult to … (estimate, estimately) future demands.

3) Give English equivalents for these.

Цель каждого города, ручная работа в чистом виде, вдали от суматохи,
парк и места отдыха, общественный центр, особые зоны, заводы и фабрики,
система планирования, неровности места.

4) Say if it is true or false.

1. Surely then the aim should be the one implied by the term ‘’Factory City’’.

2. A city attractive by its beauty, by its artistic symmetry and design and by the amenities and conveniences.

3. The various system of planning which have been adopted in the past are rectangular, radial and circumferential.

4. The problem for the town worker is to consider his scheme in respect to the configuration and undulations of the site.

5) Make up adjectives on the model. Try to guess their meanings.

Music – musical (музыкальный)

Wonder – wonderful (чудесный)

1. Industry – 6. Use –

2. Culture – 7. Type –

3. Region – 8. Success –

4. Beauty – 9. Benefic –

5. Help – 10. Fisk –

References:

Adapted from

Английский язык по направлениям «Землеустройство и кадастр» Веселовская Н.Г., М., Издательский центр “Академия» 2000 г., стр.64

UNIT 4. URBAN CADASTER.

Vocabulary

assessment – оценка

benchmark – критерий

census – перепись

corresponding title – соответствующий учёт

fiscal – денежный

graphic – графический

intervention – посредничество

mortgage – ипотека

revenue – доход

stockholder – акционер

urban – городской

unilateral – односторонний

Cadastres were created with the aim of improving the basis for land taxation, and land registers were established to make land transactions more secure.

An urban cadastre is the physical description of the land and real estate tenure in a city. It contains graphic and textual information. Graphic information includes the description of each individual parcel and building, topographic features such as roads, rivers, contour lines, additional information such as cartographic grids, geodetic benchmarks, etc. Textual information includes names of owners or occupants, names of streets or areas of specific interest, main characteristics of each parcel or building such as the area, the fiscal value, the associated urban certificates, etc. Both types of information are linked together and managed in a system known as а cadastral information system.

Most of the time, the cadastre is integrated with the property registry, the legal registration of land and real estate property. Integration of the cadastre with the registry creates a parcel based registry or a legal cadastre. This guarantees the exact correspondence between physical and legal ownership. In other words, tenure documents" registered in the property registry, and respectively, wherever there are registered titles, there is a unique parcel corresponding to it. A unique identification number links unilaterally the parcel or the building to the title technically permits this.

We can identify two categories of stakeholders involved in the maintenance and use of cadastral information: information providers and information users. Information providers include cadastral and registry services as well as private surveyors and notaries. The former are responsible for the systematic production and maintenance of the information, the latter generally intervene for day-to-day individual demands, such as private utility and facility companies that would produce and need data for their own purposes like water tax collection. Information users include the private individual users, municipalities and local communities, public and private investors, banks, real estate and mortgage brokers, etc.

The successful urban cadastre depends upon legal frameworks, the social assessment and participation as well as use of new technologies.

Answer the questions according to the text:

1. What is an urban cadaster?

2. Does it contain graphic or textual information?

3. Graphic information includes the description of an individual parcel and building, doesn’t it?

4. What is a cadastral information system?

5. What categories of stockholders do you know?

Exercises:

1) Match English and Russian words and phrases:

1. Описание участка a) Information users

2. Пользователи информации b) Topographic features

3. Индивидуальные требования с) Real estate tenure

4. Топографические черты d) Individual demands

5. Недвижимость e) Description the land

2) Translate some international words:

International, physical, graphic, topographic, cartographic, geodetic,

specific, certificate, system, integrate, document.

3) Complete the sentences with a word from the box.

types, description, owners, cadaster, parcel, legal

1. Graphic information includes the … of each … building.

2. Textual information includes names of …

3. Both … of information are linked together.

4. Integration of the … with the registry creates a parcel based registry or a … cadaster.

4) Make up the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives:

difference, important, real, individual, interesting, local, additional, nice, bad.

5) Fill in the gaps with suitable verbs “to have”.

1. Every day I … dinner at 2 o’clock.

2. Foreign countries … understood the importance of property registration.

3. The staff … already been trained to maintain the system.

4. There … been there steps for the rapid technological evolution.

5. You … to stem lesson from a technical comparison of European cadastral system.

References:

Adapted from

Английский язык по направлениям «Землеустройство и кадастр», Веселовская Н.Г., М., Издательский центр «Академия» 2000 г., стр.52

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