Модальные глаголы могут быть использованы вместо is и was.

It can’t be my mobile phone that’s ringing - it’s switched off. It might have been the fish that made me feel ill.

 

3) What ... is/ was ... может быть использовано, чтобы подчеркнуть:

 

• существительное

What I most wanted to see in the Louvre was the Mona Lisa.

 

• действие или несколько действий

What you do then is (to) add the flour and stir it in thoroughly.

What happened was (that) I left my wallet in the cafe and had to go back.

 

All может быть использовано вместо What в значении ‘the only thing that'.

All he (ever) did during the school holiday was (to) play on his computer.

All I really want is a little house in the countryside.
Participle clauses

Participle clauses это части предложения, которые начинаются с present или past participle. Они помогают выразить идею кратко, и вносят разнообразие в письменный стиль.

 

Participle clauses может быть использовано

 

A) Вместо relative clauses

I recognize that man standing over there. (- who is standing)

Three of the people injured in the crash are still in hospital. (= who were injured)

 

B) вместо определенных союзов

 

· because/so

Not wishing to offend my host, I ate everything on my plate, as/while

Looking out of the window last night, I saw a shooting star, when/once/after

Having worked out how much you can afford to pay for your computer, you need to decide on the model.

 

· and

He fell off the ladder, breaking a leg and three ribs.

 

· if

Cooked in their skins, potatoes retain most of their nutrients.

 

C) После объектов со следующими глаголами: see, hear, watch, notice, feel and find

Police found him lying unconscious on the kitchen floor.

I could hear something moving in the bushes.

 

2) Важно заметить:

 

· Глаголы, описывающие состояние (eg be, want, know), которые обычно не используются в continuous tenses, можно использовать в participle clauses с окончанием +ing.

I am being a very shy person, so I never enjoy going to parties.

Being a very shy person, I never enjoy going to parties.

 

· Субъект в participle clause обычно тот же, что и субъект в главной части предложения.

Working as a waitress, I have all my meals in the restaurant.

Тем не менее, возможно, чтобы в разных частях были разные субъекты

Вместо:

Having been damaged by vandals, Helen had to walk rather than go on her bicycle.

Можно сказать:

Her bicycle having been damaged by vandals, Helen had to walk.

 

· with может быть использовано представления нового субъекта.

With both my parents working all day, I have to cook my own lunch.

Inversion

Некоторые наречия и сложные обстоятельства с негативным или запрещающими значениями могут быть помещены в начало предложения для акцента. В этом случае, положение субъекта и глагола в предложении становится реверсивным как в вопросительных предложениях. Обычно это используется в письменной речи и в формальном стиле.

 

Когда смысловой глагол используется вместе со служебным глаголом, то субъект и служебный глагол меняются местами.

I will never lend money to Richard again. (Normal word order)

Never again will I lend money to Richard. ( Inversion )

 

В отсутствии служебного глагола, вперед помещаются do или does, или did в зависимости от времени.

Steve hardly ever turned up on time for his lectures.

Hardly ever did Steve turn up on time for his lectures.

 

Инверсия используется:

· После некоторых фраз с частицей not

Not since I was little have I enjoyed myself so much.

Not until we got to my parents' house did we realize we’d left all the Christmas presents at home.

Not only did he leave dirty footprints all over our carpet, but he also sat on my glasses.

 

· После некоторых фраз с частицей only

Only when l tell yon can yon put your books away.

Only then was I made aware of the potential dangers.

Другие варианты: only recently, only later, only in the last few weeks, only at the end of the lesson

 

· После некоторых фраз с частицей no

On no account must you speak to other candidates.

Under no circumstances should the door be left open.

 In no way will we give in to their demands.

At no time were you in any danger.

 

· После некоторых распространенных наречий.

Never have I seen such an ugly building.

Rarely/Seldom does one find antique furniture of this kind in such perfect condition.

Hardly ever is he in his office when l phone.

 

· No sooner... than... и Hardly/Barely/Scarcely... when ...

No sooner had I got into the shower than the phone rang. (= As soon as I got into the shower ...)

Hardly had we finished breakfast when we were told it would soon be time for lunch.

 

· после Little, в значении « совсем не»

Little did they realize that their conversation was being recorded. (= They had no idea ...)

 

Conjunction

Conjunctions (союзы) соединяют части предложения.

 

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