Translate the following words into Russian and fill the gaps.

accurate −                             champion −              conservation −

construction −                    credit −                     decade −

design −                             disputes −                 dramatic −

elements (2) −                         to form −                  instrument −

substance (2) −                      universal −

1. A talented publicist, Galileo helped to popularize the pursuit of science. However, his quarrelsome nature led him into an unfortunate … (1) with the Church.

2. It is Bacon writing in the first … (2) of the seventeenth century, who is usually … (3) with proposing the principles of empirical science and the role that experiments should play in hypothesis testing.

3. To discover what ideas could be used … (4) a certain basis for a priori science, Descartes introduced the method of … (5)  doubt; he questioned everything.

4. Lavoisier’s experiment put … (6) scientific measurement firmly at the heart of chemistry and it showed that … (7) do not change or vanish even in as … (8) process as burning; they swap places.

5. Lavoiser was a meticulous experimenter who was the … (9) of exact measurement and the idea of … (10) of mass, implying that whatever changes … (9) undergo in an experiment, no mass is ever lost.

6. Before and after the war, Hubble played a central role in the … (11) and … (12) of Mt. Wilson and Palomar Observatories in California.

7. Hubble Telescope … (13) detect not only visible light, but also ultraviolet and infrared light.

8. It is not for nothing that we continue to speak of ‘the’ … (14) when we talk about the storm at sea in which ‘the … (15) are let loose’.

 

GRAMMAR PRACTICE: Complex Subject-II (GR-11 p.201)

Translate the sentences paying attention to the verbs in bold.

Example:  Great ideas seldom appeared in the history of science.

Великие идеи редко появлялись в истории науки.

At first revolutionary ideas appear to attract little attention.

Сначала революционные идеи, как кажется, привлекают мало внимания.

 

1. Like all great equations, E = mc² asserts a surprising equality between things that superficially appear to be quite different – energy, mass and speed of light in a vacuum.

2. ‘I do not know what I may appear to the world; but to myself I seem to have been like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me‘. I. Newton

3. In mathematics, too, something like this happens – mathematicians compress their computational experiments into mathematical axiom, and they then show how to deduce theorems from these axioms.

4. Newton died on 20 March 1723 and was buried with a grand funeral at Westminster Abbey. Voltaire who happened to be visiting London at that time, wrote: ’England honors a mathematician as other nations honor a king who has done well by his subjects.’

5. Once Hubble was in orbit and it became evident that the mirror had been ground incorrectly, they attempted to justify their prior oversights by claiming that to have tested the mirror in the first place would have cost millions of dollars.

6. No statement can be proved true but some statements can be proved false.

Science is defined by this falsifiability: it is the fact that they can be proved false, but have not been, which gives accepted scientific statements their value.

7. Sometimes factors that scientists haven’t even considered turn out to be the main drivers.

8. Everyone was pleased with the way the apparatus turned out.

9. Some sciences, such as astronomy, tend to concern themselves more with observation than experiment as such.

10. Crick and Watson were asked to stop their study of the DNA structure. They pretended to comply.

11. The reliability people have come to expect from natural sciences comes, in large part from experiments.

12. Einstein came to see Hubble personally in Mt. Wilson Observatory.

 

UNIT 7   THEORY AND EXPERIMENT

Read the text. Identify the topic and the main idea of each paragraph. Which paragraphs contain description, classification or definitions?

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