WORD FORMATION: nouns formed from verbs and adjectives.

3. Form nouns from the following words and translate them:

Words expressing emotional and mental states

verbs: anticipate −            apprehend −             comprehend − confuse −      determine −            embarrass  −      exasperate − humiliate−        hesitate −            fascinate −                  frustrate − adjectives:         willing −     eager −        reluctant −                relief −

WRITING

Write an account of the DNA discovery using the nouns describing emotional and mental states.

VOCABULARY STUDY

Choose the correct word.

Maverick and his Brainchild

  Kary Mullis was a (1) polymath/maverick American biologist who won Nobel Prize in 1993 for discovering polymerase chain reaction, or PCR  (2) recalls/reminds the blinding moment of revelation, an experience granted to only a few scientists in a working lifetime. He was driving with his hands on the steering wheel and his mind free, thinking about his (3) proposed/supposed sequencing experiment. Mullis who worked for Cetus, an infant biotechnology company, was pondering an idea that might improve the (4) affection/efficiency of the procedure used in determining the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. The idea of repeating a procedure over and over again might have seemed unacceptably dreary.

  On Monday, bubbling with excitement, Mullis told about his  (5) brainchild / brainteaser, for which he coined the name, polymerase chain reaction, or PCR at the Cetus Corporation, but they  (6) remained/rested unimpressed, until the method was shown to work. Mullis's erratic performance in the laboratory and his abrasive and hyperbolic style had not appealed to his (7) colleagues/counterparts, and there were some who felt it would be best if they could get rid it of his presence.

   But there was an additional reason: the oddest (8) aspect/prospect                   of the history of PCR is that it was not developed with a special problem in mind. It could have been useful for modest (9) understanding/undertaking that Mullis had in hand, but its wider (10) implications/importance were not perceived until it had been made to work.

   And then the applications began to crowd in. The technology was brought to fruition/futility (11) by a team of Cetus researchers. It made Cetus one of the leading American Biotech companies and (12) changed/altered the face of biology and of biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries. Every biological laboratory now contains automated devices for (13) enhancing/amplifying DNA by PCR, which allows (14) applicable/workable quantities of DNA to be generated from samples of no more than a few molecules -- for instance, in a blood strain. To most biologists it seems in retrospect scarcely (15) apprehensible/comprehensible that the idea occurred only to Mullis and not to them.

Choose the suitable word to fill the gaps.

DNA Fingerprinting

   DNA fingerprinting, the biggest … (1) in crime detection exploits how DNA is found in all cells. Scientists had known since the 1940s that DNA carries the coded instructions, or genes, that … (2) the genetic blueprint of an individual. Leicester University noticed that certain … (3) of DNA called minisatellites, occur in unique patterns in each individual, the … (4) being identical twins. Jeffreys found a way of seeking out those parts of the genetic blueprint that … (5) greatly among individuals in order to make a bar code that he called “genetic fingerprint”.

…(6) from a suspect would be typically gathered using a swab to take cells from the inside the mouth. The sample would be compared with blood, semen, tissue or hair taken from a crime scene. Tiny traces of degraded DNA can be … (7) by a technique called “the polymerase chain reaction”.

  Technique has found many uses: … (8) tests, identifying of body remains, checking whether sashimi originated from an endangered whale … (9); and investigating family relationships among animals.

   In probably the best-known example, the DNA fingerprinting provided the physical …(10) that the derailed when Bill Clinton’s denials when it proved that the chance of a semen stain on Monica Lewinsky’s blue dress not belonging to the President was 7,87 trillion to one.

1. a. advent         b. advance             c. advice

2. a. lay down    b. lie down             c. lay out

3. a. sequels       b. sequences           c. consequences

4. a. except         b. exception           c. exclusion

5. a. vary             b. alter                   c. alternate

6. a. Samples       b. Examples          c. Probes

7. a. enhanced     b. boosted              c. enlarged

8. a. brotherhood b. motherhood      c. paternity

9. a. species         b. spices                 c. spaces

10. a. evidence      b. proofs                c. witness

 

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