What parts of speech did you come to know?

What parts of speech did you come to know?

Verb or compound( составной ) verb tells something about the subject of the sentence and describes actions, events, experience or state. Verbs can be auxiliary, modal, phrasal, regular/irregular.

An auxiliary verb is a verb that is used with another verb to show its tense, person etc. In English these are be, do and have.

A modal verb is a verb that is used with other verbs to express ideas such as possibility, permission or intension. In English, these verbs are can / could, may / might, shall / should, will / would, must, ought to, used to, need.

A phrasal verb is a group of words that is used like a verb and consists of a verb with an adverb or a preposition after it, e. g. - set off or look after.

A regular / irregular verb – following a regular pattern, or not following one (e. g. - regular: control – controlled – controlled; irregular: fly – flew – flown).

A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. You can make it plural or singular (e. g. plane – planes, man – men. you can use articles (a, an, or the) in front of it.

A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. You use pronouns to make your sentences less repetitive. It can be used in place of a noun or a noun phrase.

An adjective describes a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies (e.g. - a determined person).

An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective etc. An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree. (e. g. - run fast, read slowly)

A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence. (e.g. at the airport).

You can use a conjunction to link words, phrases, and clauses. It usually serves as a connector between words, phrases or clauses (e.g. and, but).

An interjection / exlamation is a word added to a sentence to express emotion. It is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence (e.g. Wow! Oh! ).

What is the purpose of each part of speech?

Each part of speech explains not what the word is, but how the word is used.

What are the ways of distinguishing( отличить ) them from each other?

each part of speech has its own purpose in the sentence. Each part of the speech has its place and order in the sentence. We need to know the definition and the essence (суть) of one or another part of speech in order to
distinguish this part of speech from others.

What is the word order of an english sentence?

The following is the usual order of words in an English sentence:

Adverbial modifier – обстоятельство indicates a sign of action

Predicate – сказуемое denotes the action or state of the subject

Я пойду в лес.
Я - subject
Пойду в лес - predicate
в лес – object

What is a word formation?

Word formation is a creation of a new word. The most common types of word formation are conversion, affixation, compounding, acronyms and abbreviations.

Conversion is a process by which new words are created by using a word in new functions, i. e. changing its original grammatical class to another class. For example, help (n), to help (v).

Affixes are classified into prefixes and suffixes.

Prefixes are added to the beginning of the word. We use prefixes to change the meaning of the word but not the part of speech (e. g., un + helpful = un helpful).

Suffixes are attached to the end of the word. We normally use suffixes to change a word to a different part of speech: help (verb) + less = help less (adjective), helpless (adjective) + ly = helpless ly (adverb).

Compounding consists in the combination of two or more roots to form a new word. For example, blood pressure, car-park, helpline.

Abbreviations are the shortening of words and expressions, for example, i. e., sitcom, which stands for situational comedy. Some abbreviations are acronyms.

Acronym is a new word formed from the initial letters of other words. There are two main types of acronyms, namely: 1) acronyms which are pronounced as a word; e. g. NASA / næ sə / (= National Aeronautics and Space Administration). 2) acronyms which are pronounced as sequences of letters; e.g. VIP

21.

A purser is a chief of the cabin crew. She / he is responsible for Flight Service

A security officer He needs to check people’s boarding cards and x-ray their hand luggage. He also spends time carrying out patrols within the airport.

A flight attendant welcomes the passengers, makes sure they are sitting in the correct seats and assists them in emergencies.

A customs officer’s job is to stop the illegal import or export of drugs, money, firearms, to control transportation of dangerous substances and materials and endangered species.

An air marshal’s aim is to assist the pilot in the safe manoeuvring of the aircraft on the ground. He communicates with the pilot by making visual signals with the arms and hands.

A maintenance engineer His responsibility is to keep the aircraft serviceable.

An aircraft refuller drives an enormous fuel tanker to the planes and connects them with the fuel tanks of the aircraft so that the necessary amount of fuel is supplied there.

A shuttle bus driver is in charge of the bus delivering passengers from the plane to the terminal.

22. Pilots are required to undergo(проходить) regular medical examinations to ensure their fitness to fly. Pilots do not have to be supermen to fly. Many defects can be compensated for, as, for example, wearing glasses for visual defects.

These specialized medical exams consist of physical examinations performed by Aviation Medical Examiners

The goal( цель ) of the Medical Examination is to protect the life and health of pilots and passengers by making reasonable medical assurance that a person is fit to fly.

Among the Aviation Medical Examiners there are doctors of different specialities: cardiologist, surgeon, dentist, dermatologist, endocrinologist, gastroenterologist, ophthalmologist, oral surgeon, neurologist, neuropathist, physician, psychiatrist, psychologist.

Air crews are a high-risk group to several diseases and harmful conditions due to irregular work shifts with irregular sleeping, jet lag and irregular meals and work-related stress.

There are some professional diseases pilots might suffer from: stomach ulcer, hearing loss or even deafness, atherosclerosis, ischemia, heart problems, high-blood pressure (hypertension), haemorrhoids.

23. An infectious disease is a disease resulting from the presence(присутствие) of microbial agents. They are also called contagious diseases. They can be transmitted from one person or species to another.(physical contact). The infecting agents may also be transmitted through liquids, food, body fluids, contaminated objects, airborne inhalation, and so on.

Infectious diseases can cause problems for international flights

24. Stress is a feeling we have when we react to events that don’t make us feel very good. Such events can happen at school, like a test or examination, at work, like getting a new boss or in your private life, like preparing for a divorce.

Stress response is what our body does to fight stress. It makes us cope with stress and do well during the situations.

Stress can also be long term, like preparing for difficult exam or having private problems with our parents, teachers or friends.

Although the right amount of stress can be good, too much stress isn’t. A little stress can motivate us to study hard

Signs of stress. People who are experiencing long-term stress may have the following symptoms: panic attacks, smoking, depression, the feeling of constant pressure on them, they change mood quickly, they have stomach problems, sleeping problems, headaches and also may drink too much alcohol.

what parts of speech did you come to know?