How to keep stress under control

 Be realistic – don’t try to be perfect.

 Read a book or take a relaxing bath.

 Treat your body well.

 Give your body the right food and enough vitamins.

 Think positively

 Solve small problems.

 

 

24. First aid is the help that you give someone quickly after they have hurt themselves or have had an accident.

some cases, it can even save a person’s life.

Usually, you give first aid until a doctor or an ambulance arrives. Never try to give someone first aid unless you know what to do. The wrong actions can do more harm than good.

 

You must begin helping a person at once, especially if the victim is bleeding strongly, has been poisoned or if breathing has stopped. Even if you wait for a short time it can be fatal. Here are some important rules for immediate help:

 Do not move a person who may have a broken bone, internal injuries or an injured spine unless you really have to.

Do not allow them to walk or stand up.

 Never give food or liquid to a person who may need an operation.

 If the victim is unconscious turn the head to one side to keep the person from choking. But do not move the head of a person who may have a spinal injury.

 Never give water to a person who is unconscious.

 Make sure that the victim has an open airway. The nose, mouth and throat should be clear in order for them to breathe.

 Remain calm and talk to the injured person. Explain what is being done and say that help is on its way.

 

25. A recent innovation is the Medlink service (telemedicine centre) where a specialist opinion may be provided at a distance. It is a comprehensive, working 24 hours 7 days a week centre with on-duty emergency physicians who communicate directly with the crew. This model provides immediate guidance and advice to crew during the actual medical crisis.

 

26. Snow and ice can be extremely hazardous when planes are taking off and landing and so heavy equipment is kept specially to clear the runways and taxiways.

Snow, slush and ice, particularly, when combined with strong winds and heavy rain, may all present difficulties in maintaining control when taxing, taking off and landing the aircraft.

Standing water can seriously affect take-off and landing. Failure to break through the water surface can result in the aircraft aquaplaning off the side of the runway.

Severe wind-gusts, turbulent condition, downdraughts and microburst may be hazardous during take-off and landing.

Even small amount of frost, ice and snow can have dangerous consequences. The effect of deposits on the wings and airframe can affect the weight of the aircraft, the center of gravity, the freedom of movement of control surfaces, and can cause severe damage to the engines. De-icing procedures and removal of snow build-ups must be performed before the flight.

 

Weather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Weather refers, generally, to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity.

 

Precipitation is any form of water that comes out of the atmosphere and hits the ground. Precipitation could be rain (drizzle, shower), snow (snowstorm), sleet or hail.

27. Climate is the characteristic condition of the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface at a certain place on earth. It is the long-term weather of that area (at least 30 years).

Two of the most important factors determining an area’s climate are air temperature and precipitation.

 

The Kö ppen system recognizes five major climate types based on the annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation. Each type is designated by a capital letter.

A  Moist Tropical Climates are known for their high temperatures year round and for their large amount of year round rain.

B  Dry Climates are characterized by little rain and a huge daily temperature range.

C  In Humid Middle Latitude Climates land / water differences play a large part. These climates have warm, dry summers and cool, wet winters.

D  Continental Climates can be found in the interior regions of large land masses. Total precipitation is not very high and seasonal temperatures vary widely.

E  Cold Climates are part of areas where permanent ice and tundra are always present. Only about four months of the year have above freezing temperatures.

28. Volcano is a mountain that forces hot gas, rocks, ash, and lava (melted rock) into the air through a hole at the top. Some volcanoes are not immediately dangerous because they are not active and have become dormant. Others will never be dangerous again because they are completely extinct.

During a volcanic eruption, lava, ash, and various gases are expelled from a volcanic vent.

 

29.

Advances made in combustor technology have been able to reduce smoke to invisible levels and have maintained these low levels despite the challenge of higher temperature operation.

 carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) and NOX

30. Bird collision with aircraft is commonly known as “bird strike.” flock of birds – стая птиц

Damage caused to aircraft usually results from collision of one or more birds with the engines and / or fuselage. Although most bird strikes do not result in crashes, they do involve expensive structural and mechanical damage to aircraft.

collide with – столкнуться с

Animals that can collide with aircraft include cats, dogs, squirrels, rabbits, rodents, goats, foxes, baboons, hyenas, coyotes and other wild animals.

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There are special services that scare birds in the vicinity of aerodromes to reduce the risk of bird strikes.

It’s important to cut the grass margins and remove trees and rubbish in the vicinity of the aerodrome. Perimeter fence is also a good way to keep the animals away. Some, such as shooting, poisons and fire bombs involve lethal control; however, most people favour methods that exclude or discourage birds over killing them.

 

30. 1. Domestic pets and animals, except animals required for assistance, or law enforcement dogs, are not permitted on the airport unless being transferred or shipped, and then only if controlled and restrained by a leash, harness, or restraining strap, portable kennel or other appropriate shipping container.

2. Except for animals that are to be or have been transported by air and are properly confined for air travel, no person shall permit any wild animal under his or her control or custody to enter the Airport.

3. No person other than in conduct of an official act shall hunt, pursue, trap, catch, injure or kill any animal on the airport.

4. No person shall feed or do any other act to encourage the accumulation of birds or other animals on the airport.

5. It shall be the responsibility of the owner or handler to exercise control over the animal at all times. Owners or handlers are responsible for the immediate removal and disposal of animal waste.

 

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