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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Possessive case with 's or s' for people or animals.Стр 1 из 6Следующая ⇒
ТЕМА 6
Grammar: Pronouns. Quantifiers and Numerals. Vocabulary: Mass media. Television.
Содержание 1. Personal pronouns. 2. There is / There are. 3. It + be. 4. Possessive adjectives/pronouns. Possessive case with 's or s' for people or animals. 6. Possessive case with " of" for inanimate things. 7. Reflexive/Emphatic Pronouns (myself, yourself etc). 8. Emphatic pronouns. 9. Quantifiers and uncountable nouns.
Рекомендуемая литература
English Grammat in Use, Raymond Murphy, Cambridge University Press, 1997
Интернет-ресурсы
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Раздел: Учебно-методические материалы Вспомогательные материалы
Grammar
Pronouns
Personal pronouns Subject pr. Object pr. | Possessive adjectives | Possessive pronouns | Reflexive-Emphatic pronouns | ||||
| Before verbs as subjects | After verbs as objects | Followed by nouns | Not followed by nouns |
MYSELF | |||
| I | ME | MY | MINE | ||||
| YOU | YOU | YOUR | YOURS | YOURSELF | |||
| HE | HIM | HIS | HIS | HIMSELF | |||
| SHE | HER | HER | HERS | HERSELF | |||
| IT | IT | ITS | --- | ITSELF | |||
| WE | US | OUR | OURS | OURSELVES | |||
| YOU | YOU | YOUR | YOURS | YOURSELVES | |||
| THEY | THEM | THEIR | THEIRS | THEMSELVES | |||
Personal Pronouns
1.1 We use personal pronouns to refer to people, things or animals.
We've met the manager. He's really young.
We don't use a noun and a personal pronoun together.
Your coat is in the wardrobe. My uncle bought me a present.
1.2 We use I, you, he, she etc before verbs as subjects and me, you, him, her etc after verbs as objects. I lent him my dictionary but he lost it.
1.3 We can use object pronouns after than and as in comparisons.
I'm older than him. She isn't as tall as me.
But, in a more formal style, we use a subject pronoun + verb.
I'm older than he is.
1.4 We can use object pronouns after the verb be.
'Who's there? ' 'It's me.'
1.5 We also use object pronouns when we use a pronoun alone in an answer. 'Who has got my book? ' 'Me. '
1.6 We can use YOU, ONE, THEY to mean people in general:
They say she is a good poet.
One / you can easily lose one’s / your way in Rome.
They (the government) are going to increase taxes.
1.7 We use the plural pronouns they and them with a singular meaning, especially in an informal style.
Somebody forgot to lock the door, didn't they?
If anyone phones for me, tell them (her, him) I'll phone them back later.
We use they instead of 'he` or 'she' when we do not specify the sex of the person
There is / There are
There + be is used for something mentioned for the first time or to say that something or someone exists.
There are some messages for you on your desk.
• Personal pronoun + be/other verb is used to give more details about something or someone already mentioned.
There's a woman at the door. She wants to talk to you.
3. It + be It + be is used for identification
There's a man on the phone. It's your husband.
3.1 It + be with to-infinitive or that-clause is used to begin a sentence.
It's nice to be back. It's a shame that he didn't call us.
3.2 It is also used for weather, distance, temperature, time, in some expressions:
It seems that, It appears that, It looks like, It is said that, It doesn't matter etc.
It's sunny today, isn't it? It appears that they are going to move.
It seems that there is a mistake in these figures.
But we also say: There seems to be a mistake in these figures.
Emphatic pronouns
Emphatic pronouns have the same form as reflexive pronouns but a different meaning. They emphasize the noun, or the fact that one person, and not another, performs an action.
He himself painted the house.
They also mean " without help". She fixed the tire herself, (without help)
They go after nouns, pronouns or after " but" and " than".
She'd like to marry someone older than herself.
8.1 There are some idioms:
Enjoy yourself! (= Have a good time! ) Behave yourself! (= Be good! )
Make yourself at home! (= Feel comfortable.)
I like being by myself. (= I like being alone.)
She lives by herself. (= She lives on her own.)
Do it yourself. (= Do it without being helped.)
Make yourself understood. (= Make your meaning clear.)
Help yourself to the cake. (= You're welcome to take a piece cake if you want).
By myself, by yourself, by himself (= on my own, on your own, on his own)
Much, many, a lot (of)
2.1. We use much and many mostly and in negative sentences.
How much milk have we got? Has he got man y books?
We haven’t got much milk. He hasn’t got many books.
2.2. In affirmative sentences, we use a lot (of), lots (of), plenty (of), not much and many.
We’ve got a lot of milk. He’s got plent y of books.
2.3. We often use much and many in affirmative sentences after too, as, so and very.
We’ve got far too much milk. I’ve got so many jobs to do today.
Take as much milk as you want. We enjoyed the party very much.
We've got a lot of milk.
He's got plenty of books. 2.3 We often use much and many in affirmative sentences after too, as, so and very.We've got far too much milk.
Take as much milk as you want.
I've got so many jobs to do today.
We enjoyed the party very much.
Some and Any
3.1 We use Some and Any before plural nouns and uncountable nouns to talk about an indefinite quantity:
Some letters Some eggs Any letters Any eggs
3.2 W e use SOME mostly in affirmative sentences; ANY in negative sentences:
I`ve got some money. I haven’t got any money.
3.3 We use Any after words: without, never, rarely, hardly
I found a taxi without any trouble. You never do any homework!
3.4 We can use Some and Any after IF: If you need some / any money, tell me.
3.5 We use Some in questions when we expect people to say “yes”, and Any in ‘open’ questions, with no particular answer:
‘Do you want some sandwiches to go with your coffee? ’ ‘Yes, please’.
‘Do you have any problems that I could help you with? ’
3.6 We can use Any to mean ’it doesn’t matter which…’:
I will come any day next week. Any day will suit me.
4. (a) little, (a) few
4.1 A little and a few are positive ideas. A little means 'a small amount, but some';
a few means 'a small number, but some'.
There's still a little work to do at home. ( = a small amount, but some work.)
The exam was extremely difficult, but a few students passed it. (= a small number of students, but some students)
We must be quick. We’ve only got a little time. negative meaning
The village was very small. They’re only a few houses. negative meaning
4.2 Little and few without a, are more negative ideas. Little means 'not much' or 'almost no’; few means 'not many' or 'almost no'.
There's little work to do. We've already finished most of it. (= almost no work)
The exam was extremely difficult and few students passed it. ( = almost no students)
All, everybody, everything
We do not normally use all alone, without a noun, to mean everybody or everyone.
I have invited all the students in my class to the party.
I have invited everyone in my class to the party.
We do not often use all to mean everything.
Everything is so expensive these days. Have you got everything?
But we can use all to mean everything in the structure all (that) + relative clause.
Have you got all (that) you need? He's forgotten all (that) I told him.
We also use all in the expression all about . Tell me all about yourself.
We can also use all to mean 'the only thing(s)' or 'nothing more'.
I'm not hungry. All I want is a cup of tea.
5.3 All and whole
Whole means 'complete' or ‘every part of’. We normally use whole with singular countable nouns.
I didn't see the whole film. I missed the first part.
I spent my whole salary on clothes last month.
We always use the, my, this before whole + noun the whole film, my whole salary
We can also use the, my, this with all, but the word order is different.
all the film the whole film all my salary my whole salary
We can also use a whole before a (singular) noun. Mike ate a whole chicken himself.
Each and every
They are similar in meaning. Often it is possible to use each or every.
Each time = every time
6.1 We use Each when we think of things separately (each = X+X+X+X), one by one…. Each -- for small numbers:
Each book was a different color (of 4 books).
In a football match, each team has 11 players (of the two teams).
6.2 We can use each alone or with a noun (each student, each book).
None of the rooms was the same. Each was different; Each room; Each one was….
6.3 Each of (the…/these…) (us, you)
Read each of these sentences carefully
Each of the books on the table was a different colour.
Each of them (us, you) is a different colour.
6.4 Each mid position: the students were each given a book
end position: the oranges cost 25 pence each
6.5 We use Every when we think of things as a group. The meaning is similar to all
Every sentence must have a verb. She has read every book in the library.
6.6 We use Every to say how often something happens:
-How often do you go shopping? ‘ Every day ’ There is a bus every ten minutes.
6.7 We use Every with a noun – every student, every book; Every one of with one Have you read all these books? I've read every one of them.
Everyone – only for people: Everyone enjoyed the party
Every one – for things or people: He is invited to lots of parties and he goes to every one.
All day, every day
We use all with some singular countable nouns: day. morning, week, year to mean 'the whole of’; we use every with day, morning, etc to say how often something happens. The whole is stronger than all in this use.
I work hard all day. ( = the whole day) I work hard every day. ( = Mon, Tues, Wen)
We've been waiting the whole morning/all morning.
8. Some of/ most of/ none of….none of/ half of….
+ the, this, that, those, my, his, Ann’s, Peter’s….
Some of the people, some of those people; Most of me friends, most of Ann’s friends; None of this money, none of their money; All my books, half this money is mine
All of/ some of/ none of/ …. + it/ us/ you/ them
‘Do any of you want to come…..? ’ All of us… Half of them….
‘Do you like this music? ’ ‘Some of it. Not all of it.’
Both, Either, Neither
9.1 We can use both (= 'the two together' or 'one and the other') before a plural countable noun.
Both films were very good. I spoke to both girls.
9.2 We use both of before the, your, these, etc + plural noun; in this case, we often leave out of.
Both (of) the films were very good. Do both (of) your parents like dancing?
9.3 We also use both of before the plural object pronouns you, us, them; in this case, we cannot leave out of.
She invited both of us to the party.
9.4 We can use both after an object pronoun. She invited us both to the party.
Either and neither
10.1 We can use either (= 'one or the other') and
neither (= 'not one and not the other') before a singular countable noun.
We could meet on Saturday or Sunday. Either day is fine with me.
There are two roads in this town. Neither road goes to the station.
10.2 We use either of and neither o/before your, these, the
+ a plural countable noun.
Can either of your parents speak French?
Neither of these roads goes to the station.
10.3 We also use either of and neither of before the plural object
pronouns you, us, them.
Can either of you type? Neither of us went to the party.
10.4 After neither of we can use a singular or a plural verb.
Neither of these roads goes/go to the station.
Neither of us is fare hungry.
A singular verb is more common in a formal style.
11.Numerals:
Make sure you know a few rules, for example:
My mom met Queen Elizabeth the Second.
It happened during the reign of Henry the Forth.
During the times of Luis XIV, France was one of the most powerful countries.
They look very much alike; they are twin sisters (twins).
Her wages come to two million dollars.(=2 000 000$)
It wasn’t really cold, zero degrees Celsius.
Our flight is at 10.45 p.m. (a quarter to eleven in the evening).
His baby sister is sixteen months old.
She promised to give 50 per sent of the sum to charity institutions.
After a two – day sale our proceeds are approximately 1 ooo$ (= 1million dollars).
John’s last letter is dated by May the seventeen.
He was born in 1888. (=eighteen eighty eight) or in 1800 (=eighteen hundred)
500$ is required as a down payment.
2 miles is a long way on foot.
Vocabulary
Mass media. Television.
1. Study the important vocabulary:
1.1 Radio and television
Types of TV programmes: documentaries, news, broadcasts, current affairs programmes, soap operas, quizzes, sitcoms, drama, chat shows, detective stories, sports programmes, weather forecasts, music programmes, game shows, variety shows, commercials, remote control, a video tape/cassette, on/off button, TV aerial, satellite dish, camcorder, headset / headphones, TV set
A serial is a story that continues from one programme or episode to the next. A series is about the same characters or has the same format each week but each programme is complete in itself.
Newspapers and publishing
Parts of the newspaper: headlines, news reports, the editorial feature articles (about fashion or social trends), horoscope, cartoons, crossword, small ads, business, news, sports, reports, scandal, the letters page
A popular or tabloid newspaper focuses more on sensation than real news whereas a quality newspaper professes to be more interested in real news than in sensation.
A tabloid usually has a smaller format than a quality paper, it has larger headlines and shorter stories and, in Britain, it prefers stories about film stars, violent crimes and the royal family.
A journal is the name usually given to an academic magazine.
A colour supplement is a magazine which comes out once a week (often on Sundays) as an addition to a newspaper.
A comic is a magazine, usually for children or teenagers, with lots of picture stories and/or cartoons.
1.3 Make sure you know the verbs: to broadcast throughout the world, to receive / pick up broadcast from Moscow on the radio, to show a good film on TV, to be published by.., to be printed in…, to be shot / made on location in Spain (film), to cut / censored the film, to be edited (article, programme).
Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы
Grammar
1. The brothers ___ _ had a camera. One of the brothers’ camera was broken, but ____ was in good condition.
1) each, another
2) both, other
3) every, other’s
4) each, the other’s
2. “You see my dilemma. ____ I must find the man who stole the examination papers ____ the examination must be postponed until new papers ____ prepared.”
1) Either, or, are
2) Either, nor, must be
3) Neither, nor, will have been
4) Either, or, will be
3. If ____ David or Jane comes, she or he will want a drink.
1) neither
2) both
3) either
4) none
4. “My mother died when I was ten. My father has had three ____ wives: two of them were only two years older than I am now, and ____ was younger.”
1) other, another
2) others, the other
3) another, other
4) other, the other
5. Holding the case in my hand, I hurried on. ____ fifty yards further on the path suddenly twisted and ran into a thick wood.
1) Other
2) Another
3) The other
4) Others
6. She captured ____ attention instantly, even ____ and Helen’s.
1) everyone, mine
2) everyones, my
3) everyone’s, mine
4) everyones’, my
7. “Shall I give him ____ book as ____ present? ”
1) some, a birthday
2) B any, birthday
3) a, birthday’s
4) the, birthdays’
8. He made ____ parcel of the suit and ____ parcel of the shoes and put them in the hall.
1) the, the other
2) a, another
3) -, -
4) some, other
9. Father received ____ good news yesterday but he won’t tell ____ what ____.
1) no, anybody, they were
2) some, anybody, it was
3) -, somebody, it is
4) a, nobody, they are
10. Although he’s seventy he looks ____ more than fifty.
1) few
2) any
3) a few
4) little
11. Wednesday is ____ the first ____ the last day of the week.
1) neither, nor
2) neither, or
3) either, nor
4) either, or
12. Can you tell me something about this man for ____ I shall work?
1) which
2) that
3) what
4) whom
13. Then it dawned upon him that ____ no ____ need to escape the doctor.
1) it was, farther
2) there was, further
3) there is, real
4) it was, further
14. The two brothers parted. ____ felt upset that ____ had not changed his habits.
1) Each, the other
2) Every, the other
3) Both, another
4) One, other
15. The people on the quay shouted with excitement, ____ did the passengers.
1) neither
2) so
3) either
4) nor
16. The tall man, Flannigan, ____ his companion called him, looked through the hole for ____ minutes.
1) like, a few
2) as, several
3) that, a little
4) which, the number of
17. Death stared me in the face and I could not do ____.
1) nothing
2) something
3) anything
4) not a thing
18. ____ something in his hand. It looked ____ a pistol.
1) It was, like
2) There was, as
3) There was, like
4) It was, as
19. “We hope that ____ such competitions will make pigeon-flying more popular in America.”
1) a few
2) few
3) little
4) a little
20. People walking along the street were astonished, seeing two cabs ____ one after ____.
1) racing, the other
2) to race, another
3) race, other
4) to be racing, others
21. He told me that ____ no more money coming from home and he wanted to work.
1) there were
2) it was
3) there was
4) there wasn’t
22. “It was ____ idea, not ____, ” she said angrily.
1) somebody else, mine
2) somebody else’s, mine
3) somebody’s else, my
4) of somebody else, of me
23. ____ people out in the street at that hour.
1) There was a number of
2) There were few
3) It was several
4) There was the number of
24. I would like to see your library. It’s always fun looking at ____ books.
1) others people’s
2) another people
3) the other peoples’
4) other people’s
25. English grammar is very difficult and ____ writers have avoided ____ mistakes in it.
1) a few, making
2) little, to make
3) few, making
4) hardly some, make
26. ____ quite a number of people watching the game. The police ____ there too.
1) It was, was
2) There was, were
3) There were, were
4) He saw, was
27. “I never drink ____ for luncheon, ” she said. “____ do I, ” I answered promptly.
1) something, So
2) anything, Neither
3) a lot, Either
4) nothing, Neither
28. ____ was ____ early morning when I arrived at Positano.
1) It, -
2) There, -
3) It, an
4) There, the
ЛЕКСИКА
Find the right word.
1. She participated in the competition to earn/raise money for charity.
2. I ended up among the last/least in my age – group.
3. This kind of race doesn't appeal to me/amuse me personally.
4. I'm not really cut out for/made out for long distance running.
5. I know that running has a very beneficial/progressive effect.
6. But I'd rather be a spectator of the match than an/a actor/ participant.
7. He managed to catch up with/run into his counterparts from another team.
8. Last week well over a thousand people took place in/took part in our local
round-the-city marathon.
9. Friends and colleagues agreed to sponsor/support me, and pay for each mile I completed.
10. All competitors/supporters for the race should make their way to the track.
2. Match the words with the comments given:
billiards crossword hiking camping draughts jigsaw cards
do-it-yourself gardening model-making
9. When I woke up there was a chicken inside the tent. ………………..
10. The daffodils I put in haven't come up this year. ………………
3. Complete the compound words in the sentences:
board court jacket repairs collection field making site course track
TEXT
What is Giant's Causeway?
According to legend, the bad-tempered Irish giant Finn MacCool built a road across the waves to reach his enemy Finn Gall, who lived on Scotland's Isle of Staffa. MacCool gathered together a number of long, stone sticks and hammered them into the seabed next to one another. Before challenging Finn Gall to a duel, the Irish giant returned home to rest. Meanwhile, Finn Gall crossed to Ireland and was deceived into thinking that the sleeping giant was MacCool's baby son. Terrified at the possible size of the father, Finn Gall hurried home to Staffa, destroying the causeway as he went.
The stone columns of this Giant's Causeway, also known as Ireland's legendary Stepping Stones, are on the Northern coast, some 80km northwest of Belfast, the country's capital. Many of the ancient columns lie broken on the beach, while others have been swallowed by the sea or buried in the ground. While few people take seriously the fanciful tale of the mighty giants, the regularity of the columns does lend to the illusion that they were manmade.
The columns spread along 275m of coast and reach as far as 150m into the sea. An anonymous reckoner from the 1930s decided there were around 40, 000 columns present - no one knows how the count was made and yet the figure has never seriously been questioned. Most of the columns stand no higher than 6m, although some, such as the Giant's Organ (so named because of its resemblance to a church organ), reach some 12m.
Each individual column, shaped into a regular polygon, measures between 38cm and 50 cm across. Most are six-sided, while others may have four, five or as many as ten faces. When viewed from above, the causeway resembles a street with regular paving stones - the columns fit together so exactly that it is difficult to insert a knifeblade
4
between them.
Drawings and sketches made in the 18th century by the Dublin Society and Britain's Royal Society alerted the scientific world to this remarkable phenomenon. The paintings by the Earl-Bishop of Derry, Frederick Hervey, in the late 18th century, brought the causeway to the attention of the public.
To the Romantic Movement, which flourished at the start of the 19th century, the Giant's Causeway was the living proof of all they believed in. One of the leaders of the Movement declared that the impressive sries of stone columns was the temple and altar of Nature, devised by her own skill, and executed with a symmetry and grace which Nature alone could accomplish.
(Word count 425)
Most columns never
1) resemble regular stones seen from above
2) have less than 10 faces
3) exceed 12 m height
4) resemble regular polygons
ТЕСТ
ТЕМА 6
Grammar: Pronouns. Quantifiers and Numerals.
Vocabulary: Mass media. Television.
Содержание
1. Personal pronouns.
2. There is / There are.
3. It + be.
4. Possessive adjectives/pronouns.
Possessive case with 's or s' for people or animals.
6. Possessive case with " of" for inanimate things.
7. Reflexive/Emphatic Pronouns (myself, yourself etc).
8. Emphatic pronouns.
9. Quantifiers and uncountable nouns.
Рекомендуемая литература
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