All, everybody, everything

We do not normally use all alone, without a noun, to mean everybody or everyone.

I have invited all the students in my class to the party.

I have invited everyone in my class to the party.

We do not often use all to mean everything.

Everything is so expensive these days.       Have you got everything?

But we can use all to mean everything in the structure all (that) + relative clause.

Have you got all (that) you need?    He's forgotten all (that) I told him.

We also use all in the expression all about .       Tell me all about yourself.

We can also use all to mean 'the only thing(s)' or 'nothing more'.

 I'm not hungry. All I want is a cup of tea.

 5.3 All and whole

Whole means 'complete' or ‘every part of’. We normally use whole with singular countable nouns.

I didn't see the whole film. I missed the first part.

I spent my whole salary on clothes last month.

We always use the, my, this before whole + noun the whole film, my whole salary

We can also use the, my, this with all, but the word order is different.

all the film  the whole film       all my salary     my whole salary

We can also use a whole before a (singular) noun. Mike ate a whole chicken himself.

Each and every

They are similar in meaning. Often it is possible to use each or every.

Each time = every time

6.1 We use Each when we think of things separately (each = X+X+X+X), one by one…. Each -- for small numbers:

Each book was a different color (of 4 books).

In a football match, each team has 11 players (of the two teams). 

6.2 We can use each alone or with a noun (each student, each book).

None of the rooms was the same. Each was different; Each room; Each one was….

6.3 Each of (the…/these…) (us, you)

Read each of these sentences carefully 

Each of the books on the table was a different colour.

Each of them (us, you) is a different colour.

6.4 Each mid position:   the students were each given a book

                  end position:    the oranges cost 25 pence each

6.5 We use Every when we think of things as a group. The meaning is similar to all

Every sentence must have a verb.     She has read every book in the library.

6.6 We use Every to say how often something happens:

-How often do you go shopping? ‘ Every day ’ There is a bus every ten minutes.

 

6.7 We use Every   with a noun – every student, every book; Every one of with one Have you read all these books? I've read every one of them.

Everyone – only for people: Everyone enjoyed the party

Every one – for things or people: He is invited to lots of parties and he goes to every one.

All day, every day

We use all with some singular countable nouns: day. morning, week, year to mean 'the whole of’; we use every with day, morning, etc to say how often something happens. The whole is stronger than all in this use.

I work hard all day. ( = the whole day) I work hard every day. ( = Mon, Tues, Wen)

We've been waiting the whole morning/all morning.

8. Some of/ most of/ none of….none of/ half of….

+ the, this, that, those, my, his, Ann’s, Peter’s….

Some of the people, some of those people; Most of me friends, most of Ann’s friends; None of this money, none of their money; All my books, half this money is mine

All of/ some of/ none of/ …. + it/ us/ you/ them

‘Do any of you want to come…..? ’ All of us… Half of them….

‘Do you like this music? ’                ‘Some of it. Not all of it.’

Both, Either, Neither

9.1 We can use both (= 'the two together' or 'one and the other') before a plural countable noun.

Both films were very good.                        I spoke to both girls.

9.2 We use both of before the, your, these, etc + plural noun; in this case, we often leave out of.

Both (of) the films were very good. Do both (of) your parents like dancing?

9.3 We also use both of before the plural object pronouns you, us, them; in this case, we cannot leave out of.

She invited both of us to the party.

9.4 We can use both after an object pronoun.    She invited us both to the party.

Either and neither

10.1 We can use either (= 'one or the other') and

neither (= 'not one and not the other') before a singular countable noun.

We could meet on Saturday or Sunday.     Either day is fine with me. 

There are two roads in this town.                  Neither road goes to the station.

10.2 We use either of and neither o/before your, these, the

+ a plural countable noun.

Can either of your parents speak French?         

Neither of these roads goes to the station.

10.3 We also use either of and neither of  before the plural object

pronouns you, us, them.

Can either of you type?                    Neither of us went to the party.

10.4 After neither of we can use a singular or a plural verb.

Neither of these roads goes/go to the station.     

Neither of us is fare hungry.

A singular verb is more common in a formal style.

11.Numerals:

Make sure you know a few rules, for example:

My mom met Queen Elizabeth the Second.

It happened during the reign of Henry the Forth.

During the times of Luis XIV, France was one of the most powerful countries.

They look very much alike; they are twin sisters (twins).

Her wages come to two million dollars.(=2 000 000$)

It wasn’t really cold, zero degrees Celsius.

Our flight is at 10.45 p.m. (a quarter to eleven in the evening).

His baby sister is sixteen months old.

She promised to give 50 per sent of the sum to charity institutions.

After a two – day sale our proceeds are approximately 1 ooo$ (= 1million dollars).

John’s last letter is dated by May the seventeen.

He was born in 1888. (=eighteen eighty eight) or in 1800 (=eighteen hundred)

500$ is required as a down payment.

2 miles is a long way on foot.

Vocabulary

Mass media. Television.

1. Study the important vocabulary:

1.1 Radio and television

Types of TV programmes: documentaries, news, broadcasts, current affairs programmes, soap operas, quizzes, sitcoms, drama, chat shows, detective stories, sports programmes, weather forecasts, music programmes, game shows, variety shows, commercials, remote control, a video tape/cassette, on/off button, TV aerial, satellite dish, camcorder, headset / headphones, TV set

A serial is a story that continues from one programme or episode to the next. A series is about the same characters or has the same format each week but each programme is complete in itself.

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