Vocabulary: Ecology and environment. Problems of big cities.

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Vocabulary: Ecology and environment. Problems of big cities.

Grammar: Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Содержание темы

Types of Conditionals.

Mixed Conditionals.

Other tenses in conditional sentences.

The Subjunctive.

Present and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'it's (high) time'.

Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only.

'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if only'.

'It's (high) time' and 'It's (about) time'.

Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'.

Expressing preferences about other people's actions.

'I'd rather.

Рекомендуемая литература

1. English Grammat in Use, Raymond Murphy, Cambridge University Press, 1997

(pp 74-81)

2. Advanced Grammar in Use, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Press, 2000

(рр 198-207)

3. Tests, Texts and Topics for your English Exams, Ю.Б. Кузьменкова, Издательство “Титул», 2002 (pp 55-57)

4. The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 (рр 111-120)

5. Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю.Б. Кузьменкова, А. Р. Жаворонкова, И. В. Извольская, Издательство “Титул», 2002 (pp 71-76)

Раздел: Учебно-методические материалы

Grammar

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Types of Conditionals

If-clause (hypothesis)

Main clause (result clause)

Use

Type 1 real present

if + any present form (Present S., Present Cont. or Present Pert.)

Future/Imperative can/may/might/must/ should + bare Inf Present Simple

true or likely to happen in the present or the future

If you finish work early, we'll go for a walk.

If the weather is nice, we'll go swimming.

If you have finished your coffee, we can pay the bill.

If you're ill, see a doctor! If you burn yourself, it hurts.

Type 2 unreal present

If + Past Simple or Past Continuous

would/could/might + bare infinitive

untrue in the present; also used to give advice

If I had money, I would travel round the world.

(but I don't have money - untrue in the present)

If I were a bird, I could fly.

If I were you, I would take an umbrella, (advice)

Type 3 unreal past

If + Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous

would/could/might + have + past participle

imaginary situation contrary to facts in the past; also used to express regrets or criticism

If we hadn't left so early, we would have missed the plane.

If I had been invited, I would have gone to the party.

If you had told me before about your problems, I would have helped you, but now it’s too late.

If the weather hadn’t been so nasty yesterday, we would not have stayed at home all day long.

2. Expressions

Conditionals are usually introduced by IF; the following expressions can be uses in stead of IF: providing, provided (that), as long as, in case, on condition (that), but for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, even if, only if, unless.

2.1 If only: This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events it adds a sense of regret. The second part of the sentence is often left out.

If only I had enough time!

If only I hadn 't drunk too much, this wouldn 't have happened!

2.2 Unless and other alternatives

Unless means only if not. Not all negative IF-sentences can be transformed into unless sentences.

If he wasn 't told by Jane, he couldn 't have known.

Unless he was told by Jane, he couldn 't have known, (can be changed)

If Mr Smith doesn 't come back, he 'II phone you. (cannot be changed)

If one situation depends on another, it can be replaced by as/so long as, provided or only if .

2.3 Only if combines with other time expressions and is used with past simple

Only after posting the letter did I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp. (inversion)

I'll do what you say provided the police are not informed.

2.4 Even if describes how something will happen whatever the condition.

Even if it rains, we'll still go for a picnic.

2.5 But for him, I wouldn’t have been able to survive. (If he hadn’t helped me…)

2.6 Supposing it rains, will you still go for a picnic?

2.7 What if it rains, will you go for a walk?

2.8 We can omit “if”, then should, were and had come before the subject.

Should he come, tell him to wait for me.

Were I you, I would speak to her. Had he known, he would have told us.

Mixed Conditionals All types all conditionals can be mixed. Any tense combination is possible if the context permits it.
Type 2	If the children were playing all day, (They were playing all day,	they will be tired out now. so they are tired out now.)	Type 1
Type 2	If I were you, (You are not me, If he were a fast runner, (He is not a fast runner,	I would have invited her. so you didn’t invite her.) he would have won the race. so he didn’t win the race.)	Type 3
Type 3	If she had saved her money, (She didn’t save her money,	she would be going on holiday. So she isn’t going on holiday.)	Type 2

Doubt and uncertainty

An additional not can be added in formal expressions involving doubt. This emphasizes the uncertainty and does not add a negative meaning.

I wouldn 't be surprised if it didn 't rain. (I think it will rain.)

4.4 Should

After if, this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely.

If you should see Ann, could you ask her to call me?

This implies that I do not expect you to see Ann.

4.5 Were to This also makes an event seem more hypothetical.

If I were to ask you to marry me, what would you say?

4.6 Happen to

This emphasizes chance possibilities. It is often used with should.

If you happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me?

If you should happen to be passing, drop in for a cup of tea.

If and adjectives

In expressions such as if it is necessary/possible it is possible to omit the verb be. If interested, apply within. If necessary, take a taxi.

4.10 Formally if can mean although , usually as if + adjective.

The room was well-furnished, if a little badly decorated.

The Subjunctive.

5.1 Subjunctive sentences: SUBJECT + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT + INF.

without to

John's mother insisted that he return home early.

5.2. Subjunctive обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres. — be; past — were for all persons — для глагола to be или infinitive without to — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.

The Present Subjunctive

Vocabulary

Ecology and environment. Problems of big cities.

Study the important vocabulary:

1. The weather:

Cold weather: the chilly days of autumn, cold days of winter, frosts, icy roads, sleet rain and snow, severe blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing weather, the ground thaws, ice melts.

Warm/hot weather: close, stifling, humid, scorching, boiling, mild, heatwave

Wet weather: damp, drizzle, shower, pour down / downpour, storm, thunderstorm, torrential rain, flood; haze/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog

Wind: gentle breeze, good wind, blustery day, gale warning, hurricane

2. The Natural World:

Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, wing, tail, claws, paw, hoof; Flowers and trees: pollen, leaves, branch, trunk, roots, bark; Names of trees: oak, fir, evergreen pine, birch; Verbs: to flower/blossom, extinct, hibernate, thrive, pick flowers, plant, fertilize, harvest crops.

3. The environment:

Brook, stream, river; hillock, hill, mountain; cove, bay, gulf; copse, wood, forest; puddle, pond, lake; footpath, lane, road

Where land meets sea: coast, shore, beach, estuary, cliff, cape, peninsula;

Words connected with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, mouth, valley, gorge; Words connected with mountains: foot, ridge, peak, summit, glacier;

4. Environmental problems:

air, river and sea pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer, the destruction of the rainforests, battery farming, waste disposal, rubbish, re-cycling

We should: avoid spray cans, practice organic farming, use unleaded petrol, recycle paper and bottle banks

Problems: overpopulation, unemployment, famine, ignorance, diseases

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

Grammar

1. I finished digging in half an hour but I felt as if I ____ for hours.

worked

had worked

work

have worked

2. It’s time we ____ our parents. We ____ them for ____ long time.

visited, haven’t visited, such

have visited, didn’t see, so

had visited, hadn’t seen, a very

visited, haven’t seen, such a

3. If I had known that he needed money, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.

would have borrowed, some

might give, few

would give, a little

would have lent, a few

4. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked as if he ____ for hours.

indicated, is waiting

offered, had waited

suggested, had been waiting

showed, waited

5. He had written his address down the last morning, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to see her again.

had ever come, will feel

comes, will be

would come, may be

ever came, would be

6. Minnie had a gift for mathematics and probably could get ____ teaching in the department if she ____ it upon graduation.

a job, wanted

work, will have wanted

job, wished

a position, wants

7. He stood stiff and impotent with anger. She stared into the mirror as if he ____.

doesn’t exist

didn’t exist

hadn’t existed

won’t exist

8. If only we ____ a phone! I’m tired of queueing outside the public phone box.

had had

had

have had

can have

9. He said that if the war ____ he would have to leave the country at once.

breaks out

broken out

broke out

will break out

10. Then he said: " If this man ____, the whole dirty story will come out, and I don’t want it ____.”

will be arrested, come out

is arrested, to come out

will arrest, coming out

is being arrested, to come out

11. “There are ____ institutions, of course, but it’s not very easy to get into them unless you ____ influential friends."

charitable, haven’t got

charity’s, have got

charity, don’t have

charity, have

12. “If nothing ____, said she, beaming at them, we shall be back in England for ____ Christmas.”

will happen, -

happened, a

happens, -

will have happened, the

13. At ____ dawn she looked weak and pale, as though she ____ up all night.

-, had been

the, were

a, was

-, has been

14. They all acted as if they ____ at a family reunion, as if they ____ each other in years.

had been, didn’t see

were, hadn’t seen

were, haven’t seen

have been, hadn’t seen

15. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my pale face looking at them over the pile of suitcases.

had turned, can see

turned, would be able to see

will turn, will see

have turned, would see

16. “I have some work that ____ be finished before I ____ on my holiday.”

would, will go away

ought, am away

should, will get away

must, get away

17. If Martin ____ her ____ that way he ____ have taken offence.

hears, speaking, can

had heard, speak, would

heard, to speak, might

had heard, speak, must

18. They took care of her as though they ____ her parents.

are

were

had been

have been

19. I ____ to help if I ____ I would be any use.

would suggest, thought

will propose, could have thought

might suggest, could think

would offer, thought

20. It was long ____ I had last seen her and if someone had not mentioned her name I ____ her.

since, mustn’t have recognized

from, shouldn’t recognize

since, wouldn’t have recognized

while, couldn’t have recognized

21. It’s high time you ____ in ____ bed too, my child.

are, -

must be, the

were, -

should be, a

22. If I hadn’t been there something very unpleasant ____ to him.

could happen

might have happened

was to happen

must have happened

23. If he ____ at once he might have saved us a lot of trouble.

were sent for

is sent for

had been sent for

will be sent for

24. I could not imagine ____ wishing to spend three months there; unless it ____ somebody who wanted to hide.

none, was

someone, was not

people, were not

anyone, was

25. He looked at me as if he ____ what they had on their minds.

is wondering

has been wondering

were wondering

had been wondered

26. I wished that Thomas ____ me there.

has not brought

had not brought

does not bring

was not brought

27. “But we ____ in conference for two hours, ” he said. “It’s high time ____ a tea break.”

are, having had

were, we have

have been being, to have

have been, we had

28. If John ____ to see a dentist, let him ____ toothache.

is refusing, to suffer

refuses, suffer

refused, suffering

will refuse, suffering

29. “You had better ____ home. You’re likely to get into trouble if you ____ here.”

go, stay

to go, have stayed

hurry, will stay

to hurry, are staying

30. If we ____ waterproof coats it ____ pleasant enough to drive in that spring rain.

had had, would have been

have had, would be

shall have, is

are having, will be

31. He wondered a little ruefully just what Dad ____ if he ____ about his relations with Jan.

would say, knew

might say, had known

would have said, learns

should say, has learned

32. And then he saw that Doreen ____, and he felt as though someone ____ him in the stomach.

was crying, has kicked

had been cried, kicked

had been crying, had kicked

cried, had been kicked

33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were saying. It was as though it ____ her.

hearing, did not concern

to hear, did not concern

listening, was not concerning

to understand, had not concerned

34. She remembered as though it ____ only yesterday the first time she ____ them.

were, was meeting

was, has met

has been, met

had been, had met

35. What would you say if the question _ clear and the people ___ still ______ it?

1) will be, are... discussing

2) were, were... discussing

3) has been, would... discuss

4) was, will... discuss

36. If you ________ away with him, go at once, but don't ask me him.

1) will go, to meet

2) will be going, to have met

3) are going, to meet

4) have gone, to be meeting

37. I'm not a poet. But if I __ poems I ____ dedicate them to you.

1) would, will

2) can, shall

3) could, would

4) can, would

38. If I ___ you then, what ____ you have done?

1) didn't help, would

2) hadn't helped, would

3) didn't, will

4) haven't helped, will

39. I wish I ___ ____ poet to describe it to you.

1) were, a

2) am, a

3) had been, the

4) was, the

40. I'm tired. It's high time you __ and_____ me in peace.

1) go, leave

2) have gone, have left

3) would have gone, leave

4) went, left

41. Why ___ that pie last night? I wish I ____ that pie last night.

1) did I eat, had eaten

2) did I eat, hadn't eaten

3) have I eaten, hadn't eaten

4) did I eat, didn't eat

42. If she ___ he was going to be angry about it, she ___ that.

1) knew, won't do

2) knows, wouldn't do

3) had known, wouldn't have done

4) would know, have done

43. You wouldn't be so tired today if you __ to bed when I told you to. Something should be done to help you.

1) had gone

2) go

3) went

4) would go

44. If you _____ your medicine yesterday, you ___ today.

1) had taken, would be well

2) took, would be better

3) take, will be good

4) have taken, would have been well

45. If he _____ such bad writing, I ___ these letters.

1) didn't have, can have read

2) didn't have, could read

3) hadn't had, can read

4) didn't have, could have read

46. Why didn't I ask her out? If only I ___ her out! Everything ____ .

1) ask, will change

2) asked, would change

3) had asked, would have changed

4) would ask, had changed

47. If I ____ overseas instead of him, I ___ something and ____ somebody.

1) would go, earnt, were

2) would have gone, have learnt, been

3) had gone, might have learnt, been

4) went, may learn, be

48. If she ____ with him at this moment, the doubt and loneliness __ evaporate. But he was alone.

1) was, will

2) were, would

3) have been, would

4) had been, would have

49. I wish I ___ never _____ you the truth, but it is no use ____ it.

1) had, told, denying

2) —, told, denying

3) have, told, to deny

4) —, tell, to deny

50. It was as if she ___ a physical blow and ___ on her feet.

1) received, is rocking

2) receives, was rocking

3) has received, has been rocking

4) had received, were rocking

51. He repeated the name as if he _ it before. It's high time you ___ him everything.

1) did never hear, have said

2) has never heard, tell to

3) had never heard, told

4) never heard, had talked

52. I shall go there provided you __ to accompany me. It's high time you ____ rything.

1) would consent, are knowing

2) will consent, have known

3) would have consented, know

4) consent, knew

53. If he _____ your remark, he ___ offence. And what's more, I've just told you that talking mends no holes.

1) had heard, would take

2) heard, would take

3) have heard, would have taken

4) had heard, would have taken

54. He speaks as if he ____ the subject very well.

1) had known

2) is knowing

3) has known

4) knew

55. If I ____ you, I _____ my facts before I wrote that letter.

1) were, would have checked

2) were, would check

3) am, will check

4) had been, would check

56. If I _____ a spare ticket tonight I ____ you to the concert.

1) will have, will take

2) had, would take

3) will have had, can take

4) had had, could take

57. If the snake bite ____ poisonous, you ____ very bad now.

1) was, will feel

2) had been, are feeling

3) were, would have felt

4) had been, would feel

58. If she ____ some lessons, she _____ her performance.

1) can have, might improve

2) could have, might improve

3) could have had, may improve

4) could have, might to improve

59. He'll be very upset if you __ his offer to help. You'd better ___ more attentive to him.

1) will turn away, being

2) will be turning from, have been

3) turn down, be

4) have turned against, to be

60. ____ less busy that very evening he ___ her to the party and this terrible accident.

1) If had he been, would have accompanied, might not take place

2) Had he been, would have accompanied, might not have taken place

3) Had he been, would accompany, might not have taken place

4) If he had been, would accompany, might not take place

61. If they ____ here, I ____ so glad, as they ____ everything to me.

1) would be, were, would explain

2) were, should be, explained

3) would be, were, explained

4) were, should be, would explain

62. If _____ that you ____ he ____ very glad.

1) I had told him, would come, would have been

2) had I told him, would come, had been

3) I told him, would have come, would have been

4) I should tell him, would come, had been

63. If you _____ us then, all the differences might___.

1) supported, be settled

2) had supported, have been settled

3) have supported, have settled

4) were supporting, have been settled

64. If you ___ Dr. Smith earlier, you___ ill now.

1) consult, will be

2) didn't consult, can be

3) had consulted, wouldn't be

4) have consulted, won't be

65. If we ____ the question at that meeting, our demands__.

1) had raised, would have been met

2) raised, would meet

3) rise, would be met

4) have raised, won't be met

66. If it ____ dark, we____ our way.

1) is, would have lost

2) hadn' t been, might not have lost

3) wasn't, can have lost

4) were, will lose

67. I wish you____ rude remarks about me.

1) make

2) are not making

3) wouldn't make

4) hadn't made

68. He looked at his sister as if he ___ anything like her.

1) didn't ever seen

2) has never seen

3) can't see

4) had never seen

69. The exams ____. It's time we___ down to work.

1) are coming, got

2) come, get

3) will come, are getting

4) have come, are

70. I wish more people in the office ___ your sense of humour, Jack.

1) have

2) can have

3) will have

4) had

Vocabulary

Find the right word.

During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.

The fields were flooded after the river burst its banks/edges/sides.

In the middle of the square there is an old fountain/source/tap.

After the rain the street was full of floods/lakes/puddles.

A small river/stream/torrent runs across the bottom of our garden.

You must carry a lot of water when you cross the desert/plain/sand.

From the peak/summit/top of the hill you can see the sea.

It was difficult to swim because the waters/waves/tides were so high.

I think it's going to rain. It's very clouded/clouding/cloudy.

The church caught fire when it was struck by hurricane/lightning/thunder.

Choose the right variant:

1. Many people are interested in watching............

1) wildlife 2) wilds 3) wilderness

2.The dog.........its tail furiously when it saw the children.

1) shook 2) wagged 3) moved

3. A large.........of the tree broke off in the storm.

1) trunk 2) bark 3) branch

4. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy............

1) mountain 2) cliff 3) slope

5. There was field after field of golden..........waving in the wind.

1) corn 2) bushes 3) herbs

6. You have to sleep under a net to avoid being bitten by...........

1) lobsters 2) cockroaches 3) mosquitoes

7. Before railways were built, many goods were carried on..........

1) channels 2) canals 3) river.

8. Some wild animals will become.........if they get used to people.

1) tame 2) organised 3) petty

Radar is very helpful in

1) forecasting weather conditions.

2) hitting various objects, such as ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.

3) recording the direction and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles away.

4) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.

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Vocabulary: Ecology and environment. Problems of big cities.

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