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Ratification and accession



Ratification and accession are formal procedures by which a state indicates that it intends to be bound by a treaty. Once adopted, the treaty remains open for signature for a specified period of time. This time generally allows for ratification by the number of states that are necessary for the treaty to ‘enter into force’. Ratification is completed by a formal exchange or deposit of the treaty with the Secretary-General of the United Nations in New York. Accession is the process by which a state becomes party to a treaty it did not sign, and is only used in multilateral agreements. Accession may occur before or after a treaty has entered into force, but is usually used when the agreement has been previously signed by other states.

 

Task 3. Complete the definition below using the words in the box.

 

agreement       designation  form       instrument     law          

 

Treaty: an international 1) ____________ concluded between states in written 2) ____________ and governed by international 3) ____________ , whether embodied in a single 4) ____________ or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular 5) ____________ .

 

Task 4. Match the English and Ukrainian equivalents.

1. accession a ) резолюція
2. adoption b) підписання
3. ratification c) заява
4. resolution d) приєднання
5. signature e) прийняття
6. statement f) ратифікація

 

Task 5. Choose the best word to fill the gap.

 

1 . International law governs relations between __________ .

A covenants            B individuals          C organisations        D states

                         

2. Statements and __________ contribute to the formation of international law.

A conventions         B pacts         C resolutions           D treaties

 

3. _________ international law is one of the key principles of human rights recognition.

A Common                       B Customary           C Private        D Public  

 

4. The law of treaties concerns obligations that result from __________ agreements.

A express                B implied                 C mutual                  D written

 

5. An international treaty imposes binding __________ on states that are parties to it.

A agreements B applications          C commitments        D obligations

 

6. The parties accept responsibilities to each other through __________ obligations.

A bilateral      B multilateral           C mutual            D unilateral

 

7. Signing an international treaty usually precedes the __________ of it.

A accession             B adoption               C ratification            D resolution

 

8. The adopted treaty becomes open for __________.

A agreement            B discussion             C enforcement          D signature

 

9. Ratification and accession are formal __________ by which a state indicates that it intends to be bound by a treaty.

A conditions            B conventions          C procedures D requirements

 

10. Accession is the process by which a state becomes party to a __________ it did not sign.

A agreement            B association           C treaty     D union

 

Task 6. Read the article about Peter Benenson, the founder of human rights group Amnesty International.

Amnesty International: Working to Protect Human Rights

 


 

Peter Benenson, the founder of Amnesty International, the organisation set up to bring pressure on governments to release people imprisoned for voicing their political or religious opinions, for whom Benenson coined the term “prisoners of conscience”.

The impetus for the founding of Amnesty was a newspaper article Benenson read, when travelling on the London Underground, in November 1960: two Portuguese students had been arrested and sentenced to seven years’ in jail for drinking a toast to liberty – the government of Portugal was then in the hands of the dictator Antonio Salazar – in a cafe in Lisbon.

Benenson, a barrister who already had experience of human rights work, came up with the idea of a one-year campaign to draw public attention to the plight of the world's political and religious prisoners. In 1961 Benenson launchedAppeal for Amnesty”, which on May 28 that year appeared on the front page of the Observer newspaper.

In October 1961, Benenson published Persecution, a short book which contained the stories of a handful of men and women from varying political and religious outlooks who had suffered imprisonment for expressing their opinions. By the end of that month Amnesty had accumulated 840 case files from 31 countries.


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