XI. Translate the sentences using your active vocabulary.

1. Інженери повині були модернізувати технологічні процеси.

2. Ми повині будемо написати доповідь про експеримент через тиждень.

3. Пластмаси можна розділити на термореактивні пласт­маси і термопластичні смоли.

4. На занятті студенти повинні будуть визначити прочность різних пластмас.

5. Робітники повинні були установити вінілові вікна в приміщенні.

6. Розвиток науки про матеріали повинен привести до удосконалення багатьох інструментів, підвищенню їх ефективності.

Reading and Speaking

I. Do you like sports? Make a list of all possible materials that are used in sports equipment. Compare your list with that of your groupmates.

II. Study the new words and word combinations.

pole vault	стрибок з жердиною
to be fit	бути в хорошій формі
considerably	значно
hickory	дерево гікори ( рід північно оамериканского горішника)

What do you think the text is about?

 

III. What materials are tennis rackets, hockey sticks and poles made of nowadays? Skim the text to find it out.

Sports Materials

Materials engineering is the study of materials – anything from tennis racket frames to turbine blades in aeroengines. The subject combines sciences with engineering and looks at the structure of materials, their properties and fabrication.

Materials science has a dramatic impact on sporting records. Since 1896 the Olympic record in the pole vault, for example, has increased from 3 to about 6 metres largely due to the changes in materials technology. The first poles were made from solid hickory wood. In 1904 bamboo poles were introduced, which only 50 years later were replaced by aluminium poles. The latter, however, gave little improvement in performance and had to be replaced by lighter and less stiff glass-fibre composites. These account for the dramatic increase in performance. The materials and design of hockey sticks have also changed a lot. Hockey sticks used to be made (раніше робили) from wood, and they failed quickly. Modern hockey sticks are made from carbon-fibre and glass-fibre composites, which increase stiffness. As the failure can be danger­ous, researchers still have to improve the performance of composite sticks.

Early tennis rackets were made from solid wood (ash or maple). Because of its cellular structure, wood is anisotropic, i.e. its proper­ties are not the same in each direction. This limited the size and stiffness of the rackets. The anisotropy was overcome by the intro­duction of wood laminates, but there was still the problem of water absorption, which caused the deformation of the racket. In the 1970s aluminium alloy frames were introduced. The greater stiffness of the aluminium meant that frames could be lighter. However, these were soon replaced by even stiffer and lighter carbon-fibre rackets. The research continues and materials engineers have not said their last word yet.

IV. Choose the right option.

1. Since 1896 the Olympic record in the pole vault…

a) has decreased from 6 to 3 metres.

b) has increased from 3 to 7 metres.

c) has increased from 3 to 6 metres.

2. The poles used in 1896 were made from …

a) bamboo.

b) hickory wood.

c) glass-fibre composites.

3. The performance in pole vaulting has increased greatly because …

a) composite poles were made from aluminium.

b) composite poles were lighter and less stiff.

c) composite poles were made longer.

4. First hockey sticks were made from …

a) wood.

b) carbon-fibre composites

c) carbon-fibre and glass-fibre composites.

5. Anisotropy is … of solid wood rackets.

a) an advantage

b) a disadvantage

c) an mprovement

6. In order to improve tennis rackets …. was introduced in the 1970s.

a) carbon-fibre composites

b) aluminium

c) solid wood

 

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