How to Check a Spark Plug

First you should remove the cover. Having achieved this, place the … over the spark plug. Then it is necessary to rotate the … anti­clockwise until it seems to be loose. Having removed the plug from the …, examine the gap and check it to be clean. After that, insert a … in the gap. Check that the … is between 0.65 and 1.00 mm wide. Having replaced the plug in the socket you should rotate it clockwise until it is hand-tight. Next, it is necessary to place the spanner over the plug and give ONLY a quarter turn clockwise. Caution should be taken not to overtighten the plug. Finally, replace the ….

III. Solve the puzzle.

Down:

1. part of a cooling system;

2. ordinary, conventional;

3. it can be either positive or negative;

4. part of the engine where fuel is mixed with air;

5. petrol, diesel, gas;

6. the fuel warning light shows that the tank is …;

7. dirty spark plugs cannot produce it;

8. if you want to stop you should push it;

9. gasoline;

10. a device to produce a sound signal;

11. you should do it to keep your car reliable.

Across:

12. ?

Writing

I. You are a mechanic at the service station. Write a set of instructions 'How to maintain a car'.

II. Translate the passage into Ukrainian. Use the dictionary if necessary.

 

Having noticed it on the instrument panel of your car you start looking for a petrol station. What is it? Certainly, a fuel warning light (A). Its function is to prevent your stopping in the middle of the road with an empty tank (B).

The light switches on in order to enable the driver to see when the level of fuel (C) in the tank becomes critical. What makes this light work? The tank is equipped with a special float (E) indicating the level of the fuel in it. When falling, the level of the fuel causes the float to move downwards. This makes the arm go down as well allowing the lever to touch an electrical contact and thus switching on the fuel light in the car. Having noticed the fuel warning light the driver should put more petrol (D) into the tank. When rising, the fuel level pushes the float up. Being forced upwards the float moves the arm in the same direction (up) raising the lever. This consequently breaks the electrical contact switching off the fuel warning light on the instrument panel of the car.

 

Further Reading

I . Learn the following words and word-combinations to comprehend the text.

piston	exhaust pipe
dissipate	emit
wear out	cover
efficient	fin
fan	unobstruct
equip	consequently
hose	significantly

 

II. Read and translate the text.

Cooling Systems

When you drive a car, the engine becomes very hot. Why?

Burning in the engine the fuel-air mixture produces energy. But only a quarter of this energy makes the pistons move. Most of it turns into heat. About half of this heat goes down the exhaust pipe and the other half stays in the engine making it very hot. In fact, the cooling system on a car driving down the freeway dissipates enough heat to heat two average-sized houses! The primary job of the cooling system is to cool the engine and to keep it from overheating. However, the cooling system also has several other important jobs. The engine in your car runs best at a fairly high temperature. When the engine is cold, components wear out faster, and the engine is less efficient and emits more pollution. So, another important job of the cooling system is to allow the engine to heat up as quickly as possible, and then to keep the engine at a constant temperature. There are two types of cooling systems found on cars: air-cooled and liquid-cooled.

Air Cooling

Some older cars, very few modern cars and most motorcycle have air-cooled engines. Constructing the engine block covered in numerous external aluminum fins engineers greatly increase its surface area, which can be cooled by the flow of air passing over it. A powerful fan is used to supply an increased amount of air for cooling multi-cylinder engines. The forced airflow conducts heat away from the cylinders radiating it into the air more efficiently.

However, it is difficult to design large engines with an unobstructed airflow over all the cylinders. The alternative is a liquid (water)-cooling system.

Liquid Cooling

Most cars are equipped with liquid-cooling systems. Flowing around the engine the fluid absorbs its heat, which consequently allows the engine to get cooled. Then, having entered through the top hose the hot fluid passes through the heat exchanger or radiator. The radiator transfers the heat from the fluid to the air pulled through the exchanger by a fan. Leaving the radiator through the bottom hose the cooled fluid is pumped around the engine again.

Cars operate in a wide variety of temperatures. So whatever fluid is used to cool the engine it has to have a very low freezing point, a high boiling point, and it has to have the capacity to hold a lot of heat. Water holds heat quite effectively, but it freezes at too high a temperature to be used in car engines. The coolant used in most cars is a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (C₂H₅O₂), also known as antifreeze. Adding ethylene glycol to water, the boiling and freezing points are improved significantly.

 

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