Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология
Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии


Взаимодействие с лекарствен-ными средствами.



Многие лекарственные препараты способны воздействовать на метаболизм и биодоступность витаминов и минералов, так же как и, хотя и значительно реже, некоторые нутриенты могут влиять на фармакокинетику лекарственных препаратов 330, 331. Например, противотуберкулезные препараты (циклосерин) вмешиваются в метаболизм витамина В6 и способны вызывать вторичный дефицит ниацина. Пероральные контрацептивы воздействуют на обмен фолиевой кислоты, аскорбиновой кислоты и рибофлавина. Противосудорожные препараты могут выступать в качестве антагонистов фолата, приводя к развитию дефицита фолата, следовательно, во время терапии противосудорожными средствами рекомендован дополнительный прием фолата. Терапия холестерамином сопряжена с нарушением всасывания витаминов, таких как витамины К и D, фолиевая кислота. Для предотвращения подобного отрицательного воздействия лекарственных препаратов на метаболизм витаминов рекомендовано употребление мультивитаминных комплексов. Одной из последних работ, посвященных взаимодействию лекарственных препаратов и нутриентов, является обзор подготовленный Thomas330.

Одним из наиболее часто встречающихся взаимодействий, которое привлекает внимание врачей, является взаимодействие между витамином К и антикоагулянтными средствами (варфарин и кумарин). Большие дозы витамина К (250 мкг/день и более)332, 333 значительно снижают эффективность антикоагулянтов. На действие антикоагулянтных средств может влиять употребление в пищу продуктов богатых витамином К, таких как овощи с зелеными листьями и брокколи, которые могут содержать до 400 мкг витамина К в одной порции. Следовательно, пациентам, принимающим антикоагулянты, рекомендована диета с пониженным содержанием витамина К334, 335. LifePakÒ обеспечивает поступление в организм 40 мкг (50% рекомендуемой суточной нормы) витамина К, применение данного количества никогда не влияло на эффективность антикоагулянтной терапии.

 

 Качество ингредиентов, квалификации производителя, наличие сертификатов независимых лабораторных экспертиз и преданность лидерству в индустрии, все это позволяет создавать продукты наивысшего качества для наших потребителей. Гарантировано отсутствие в LifePakÒ сахара, соли, пшеницы, молочных продуктов, искусственных консервантов, красителей и улучшителей вкуса.

Витамины и минералы, входящие в состав продуктов Pharmanex удовлетворяют требованиям Фармакопеи Соединенных Штатов Америки (USP) и/или там где это необходимо Пищевому Химическому Кодексу (FCC). Все ингредиенты протестированы на предмет химической и микробиологической чистоты и безопасности. Гарантировано отсутствие микроорганизмов (Salmonella, E. Coli, и других коли-форм, Staphylococcus aureus, дрожжей), тяжелых металлов, пестицидов. При производстве наших продуктов мы используем сертифицированные процессы, чтобы соответствовать стандартам GMP установленным FDA (Управление по контролю за лекарствами и пищевыми продуктами).

Кроме того, Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека на основании экспертного заключения ГУ НИИ питания РАМН №72/Э-7581/б-05 от 19.01.2006 г. было выдано свидетельство о государственной регистрации №77.99.23.3.У.820.1.06 от 31.01.2006. Данный документ удостоверяет тот факт что LifePak прошел государственную регистрацию, внесен в государственный реестр и разрешен для ввоза на территорию Российской Федерации и оборота.

 

 

Применение.

Базовая рекомендация: по 2-4 таблетки 2 раза в день.

Для достижения оптимального эффекта: по 4 таблетки 2 раза в день во время утреннего и вечернего приемов пищи запивая стаканом жидкости.

Применение при беременности и кормлении грудью. Применение возможно после консультации с врачом.

Хранение. Хранить в прохладном, сухом месте температуре не выше 25 °C., оберегать от воздействия прямых солнечных лучей. Беречь от детей.

       Срок хранения.LifePakÒ может храниться при комнатной температуре в течение двух лет с даты изготовления.

Производитель. NSE Products Inc. (США).


 

Дополнительную информацию можно получить:

www.pharmanex.com/ru


8 800 200 1984

Москва, Россия

Й Лесной пер., д. 4


Литература:

1. Smidt CR, Seidehamel RJ,Devaraj S, Jialal I.The effects of a nutritionally complete dietary supplement (LifePak) on antioxidant status and LDL-oxidation in healthy nonsmokers.FASEB J 1999;13:A546.
2. Holvoet P, Collen D. Oxidized lipoproteins in atherosclerosis and thrombosis. FASEB J. 1994;8:1279–84.
3. U.S. Department of Agriculture,Agricultural Research Service. Data Tables: Results from USDA’s 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and 1996 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey.ARS Food Surveys Research Group 97. Electronic Citation.
4. Fleming KH, Heimbach JT. Consumption of calcium in the U.S.: Food sources and intake levels. J.Nutr. 1994;124 Suppl.:1426S–30S.
5. Pennington JAT,Young BE,Wilson DB. Nutritional elements in U.S. diets: Results from the total diet study, 1982–86. J.Am.Diet.Assoc. 1989;89:659–64.
6. Anderson RA, Kozlovsky AS. Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected diets.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1985;41:1177–83.
7.Cutler RG. Antioxidants and aging.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1991;53:373S–9S.
8. Ames BN.Micronutrients prevent cancer and delay aging.Toxicol.Lett. 1998;102–103:5–18:5–18.
9. Dreosti IE. Nutrition, cancer, and aging.Ann.N.Y. Acad.Sci. 1998;854:371–7.
10. Ames BN.Micronutrient deficiencies—A major cause of DNA damage.Ann.N.Y. Acad.Sci. 1999;889:87–106.
11. Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council. Recommended Dietary Allowances.Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989.
12. Herbert V, Das KC. Folic acid and vitamin B12. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1988:388–416.
13. Kim Y-I. Folate and carcinogenesis: Evidence, mechanisms and implications. J.Nutr.Biochem 1999;10:66–88.
14. Kim Y. Folate and cancer prevention: A new medical application of folate beyond hyperhomocysteinemia and neural tube defects. Nutrition reviews 1999;57:314–21.
15. Glynn SA, Albanes D. Folate and cancer:A review of the literature. Nutr.Cancer 1994;22:101–19
16. Mason JB, Levesque T. Folate: effects on carcinogenesis and the potential for cancer chemoprevention. Oncology (Huntingt.) 1996;10:1727–3.
17. Fraga CG, Motchnik PA, Shigenaga MK, Helbock HJ, Jacob RA,Ames BN. Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm. Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 1991;88:11003–6.
18.Cooke MS, Evans MD, Podmore ID et al. Novel repair action of vitamin C upon in vivo oxidative DNA damage. FEBS. Lett. 1998;439:363–7.
19. Sweetman SF, Strain JJ, McKelvey-Martin VJ. Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on DNA damage and repair in human lymphoblastoid cells. Nutr.Cancer 1997;27:122–30.
20. Matos HR, Di Mascio P, Medeiros MHG. Protective effect of lycopene on lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in cell culture. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2000;383:56–9.
21. Porrini M, Riso P. Lymphocyte lycopene concentration and DNA protection from oxidative damage is increased in women after a short period of tomato consumption. J.Nutr. 2000;130:189–92.
22. Riso P, Pinder A, Santangelo A, Porrini M. Does tomato consumption effectively increase the resistance of lymphocyte DNA to oxidative damage? Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;69:712–8.
23. Giovannucci E.Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: Review of the epidemiologic literature. J.Natl.Cancer.Inst. 1999;91:317–31.
24. Rao AV, Agarwal S. Role of lycopene as antioxidant carotenoid in the prevention of chronic diseases:A review. Nutr.Res 1999;19:305–23.
25. Collins AR, Olmedilla B, Southon S, Granado F, Duthie SJ. Serum carotenoids and oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 1998;19:2159–62.
26. Haegele AD, Gillette C, O’Neill C et al. Plasma xanthophyll carotenoids correlate inversely with indices of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Cancer.Epidemiol.Biomarkers.Prev. 2000;9:421–5.
27. Pool-Zobel BL, Bub A, Müller H,Wollowski I, Rechkemmer G. Consumption of vegetables reduces genetic damage in humans: first results of a human intervention trial with carotenoid-rich foods. Carcinogenesis 1997;18:1847–50.
28. Hu JJ, Chi CX, Frenkel K et al. α-tocopherol dietary supplement decreases titers of antibody against 5-hydroxymethyl-2’-deoxyuridine (HMdU). Cancer. Epidemiol.Biomarkers.Prev. 1999;8:693–8.
29. Lee BM, Lee SK, Kim HS. Inhibition of oxidative DNA damage, 8-OHdG, and carbonyl contents in smokers treated with antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C, β-carotene and red ginseng). Cancer Letters 1998;132:219–27.
30. Hartmann A, Niess AM, Grunert-Fuchs M, Poch B, Speit G.Vitamin E prevents exercise-induced DNA damage. Mutat.Res 1995;346:195–202.
31. Devasagayam TP, Subramanian M, Pradhan DS, Sies H. Prevention of singlet oxygen-induced DNA damage by lipoate. Chem.Biol.Interact. 1993;86:79–92.
32. Leanderson P, Faresjö ÅO,Tagesson C. Green tea polyphenols inhibit oxidant-induced DNA strand breakage in cultured lung cells. Free.Radical.Biol.Med. 1997;23:235–42.
33. Sai K, Kai S, Umemura T et al. Protective effects of green tea on hepatotoxicity, oxidative DNA damage, and cell proliferation in the rat liver, induced by repeated oral administration of 2-nitropropane. Food.Chem.Toxicol. 1998;36:1043–5.
34. Johnson MK, Loo G. Effects of epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin on oxidative damage to cellular DNA. Mutat.Res.DNA.Repair 2000;459:211–8.
35. Klaunig JE, Xu Y, Han C et al.The effect of tea consumption on oxidative stress in smokers and nonsmokers. Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med 1999;220:249–54.
36. Duthie SJ, Collins AR, Duthie GG, Dodson VL. Quercetin and myricetin protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage (strand breaks and oxidized pyrimidines) in human lymphocytes. Mutat.Res.Genet.Toxicol.Environ.Mutagen. 1997;393:223–31.
37. Lean ME, Noroozi M, Kelly I et al. Dietary flavonols protect diabetic human lymphocytes against oxidative damage to DNA. Diabetes 1999;48:176–81.
38. Cai QY, Rahn RO, Zhang RW. Dietary flavonoids, quercetin, luteolin and genistein, reduce oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation and quench free radicals. Cancer Letters 1997;119:99–107.
39. Duthie SJ, Ma A, Ross MA, Collins AR. Antioxidant supplementation decreases oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Cancer.Res. 1996;56:1291–5.
40. Huang HE, Helzlsouer KJ, Appel LJ.The effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on oxidative DNA damage: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Epidemiol.Biomarkers.Prev. 2000;9:647–52.Cancer. Epidemiol.Biomarkers.Prev. 2000;9:647–52.
41. Prieme H, Loft S, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT, Poulsen HE. No effect of supplementation with vitamin E, ascorbic acid, or coenzyme Q10 on oxidative DNA damage estimated by 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine excretion in smokers.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;65:503–7.
42. Sastre J, Pallardó FV, De la Asunción JG,Viña J. Mitochondria, oxidative stress, and aging. Free.Radic.Res. 2000;32:189–98.
43. Lenaz G, D’Aurelio M, Pich MM et al. Mitochondrial bioenergetics in aging. Biochim.Biophys.Acta.Bio-Energetics 2000;1459:397–404.
44. Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM,Ames BN. Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 1994;91:10771–8.
45. Hagen TM,Wehr CM,Ames BN. Mitochondrial decay in aging.Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1998;854:214–23.
46. Packer L,Witt EH,Tritschler HJ.Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free.Radic.Biol.Med. 1995;19:227–50.
47. Suzuki YJ,Tsuchiya M, Packer L.Thioctic acid and dihydrolipoic acid are novel antioxidants which interact with reactive oxygen species. Free. Radic.Res.Commun. 1991;15:255–63.
48. Hagen TM, Ingersoll RT, Lykkesfeldt J et al. (R)-α-lipoic acid-supplemented old rats have improved mitochondrial function, decreased oxidative damage, and increased metabolic rate. FASEB J. 1999;13:411–8.
49. Khanna S, Atalay M, Laaksonen DE, Gul M, Roy S, Sen CK. α-lipoic acid supplementation: tissue glutathione homeostasis at rest and after exercise. J.Appl.Physiol. 1999;86:1191–6.
50. Sen CK. Glutathione homeostasis in response to exercise training and nutritional supplements. Mol.Cell.Biochem. 1999;196:31–42.
51. Nohl H, Gille L. Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of ubiquinol and dihydrolipoic acid. Z.Naturforsch.(C) 1998;53:250–3.
52. Packer L. Protective role of vitamin E in biological systems.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1991;53:1050S–5S.
53. Sies H, Stahl W, Sundquist AR.Antioxidant functions of vitamins.Vitamins E and C, beta-carotene, and other carotenoids.Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1992;669:7–33.
54. Frei B.Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant vitamins: Mechanisms of action.Am.J.Med. 1994;97 Suppl. 3A:5S–13S.
55. Beyer RE.The role of ascorbate in antioxidant protection of biomembranes: Interaction with vitamin E and coenzyme Q. J.Bioenerg.Biomembr. 1994;26:349–58.
56. Friedrichson T, Kalbach HL, Buck P, van Kuijk FJ.Vitamin E in macular and peripheral tissues of the human eye. Curr.Eye.Res. 1995;14:693–701.
57. Kritchevsky SB, Shimakawa T,Tell GS et al. Dietary antioxidants and carotid artery wall thickness.The ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Circulation 1995;92:2142–50.
58. Carpenter KLH, Cheeseman KH,Van der Veen C,Taylor SE,Walker MK, Mitchinson MJ. Depletion of alpha-tocopherol in human atherosclerotic lesions. Free.Radic.Res. 1995;23:549–58.
59. Devaraj S, Jialal I.The effects of alpha-tocopherol on critical cells in atherogenesis. Curr.Opin.Lipidol. 1998;9:11–5.
60. Diaz MN, Frei B,Vita JA,Keaney JFJ.Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart disease.N.Engl.J.Med 1997;337:408–16.
61. Esterbauer H, Striegl G, Puhl H et al.The role of vitamin E and carotenoids in preventing oxidation of low density lipoproteins.Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1989;570:254–67.
62. Jialal I, Fuller CJ. Effect of vitamin E, vitamin C and betacarotene on LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis. Can.J.Cardiol. 1995;11 Suppl G:97G–103G.
63. Androne L, Gavan NA,Veresiu IA, Orasan R. In vivo effect of lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation in patients with diabetic neuropathy. In Vivo 2000;14:327–30.
64. Biewenga GP, Haenen GR, BAST A.The role of lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy. Drug. Metab.Rev. 1997;29:1025–54.
65. Borcea V, Nourooz-Zadeh J,Wolff SP et al. α-lipoic acid decreases oxidative stress even in diabetic patients with poor glycemic control and albuminuria. Free. Radic.Biol.Med. 1999;26:1495–500.
66. Low PA, Nickander KK,Tritschler HJ.The roles of oxidative stress and antioxidant treatment in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 1997;46:S38–S42.
67. Mitsui Y, Schmelzer JD, Zollman PJ,Mitsui M,Tritschler HJ, Low PA. Alpha-lipoic acid provides neuroprotection from ischemia-reperfusion injury of peripheral nerve. J.Neurol.Sci. 1999;163:11–6.
68. Ziegler D, Reljanovic M, Mehnert H, Gries FA. α-Lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy in Germany: Current evidence from clinical trials. Exp.Clin.Endocrinol.Diabetes 1999;107:421–30.
69. Packer L,Tritschler HJ,Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant α-lipoic acid. Free.Radical.Biol.Med. 1997;22:359–78.
70. Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 1993;90:7915–22.
71. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM et al. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. Brit.Med.J. 1992;305:335–9.
72. Jacques PF,Taylor A, Hankinson SE et al. Long-term vitamin C supplement use and prevalence of early agerelated lens opacities.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;66:911–6.
73. Knekt P, Heliovaara M, Rissanen A,Aromaa A, Aaran RK. Serum antioxidant vitamins and risk of cataract. Brit.Med.J. 1992;305:1392–4.
74. Leske MC, Chylack LT, Jr., He QM et al. Antioxidant vitamins and nuclear opacities—The longitudinal study of cataract. Ophthalmology 1998;105:831–6.
75. Lyle BJ, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein BEK, Klein R, Greger JL. Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age-related nuclear cataracts in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am.J.Epidemiol. 1999;149:801–9.
76. Manson JE, Gaziano JM, Jonas MA, Hennekens CH. Antioxidants and cardiovascular disease: a review. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1993;12:426–32.
77. Gey KF.Vitamins E plus C and interacting conutrients required for optimal health. BioFactors 1998;7:113–74.
78. Anderson JW, Gowri MS,Turner J et al. Antioxidant supplementation effects on low-density lipoprotein oxidation for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1999;18:451–61.
79. Mosca L, Rubenfire M, Mandel C et al. Antioxidant nutrient supplementation reduces the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in patients with coronary artery disease. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol. 1997;30:392–9.
80. Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Epidemiologic evidence for vitamin E in prevention of cardiovascular disease. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1995;62:1365S–9S.
81. Spencer AP, Carson DS,Crouch MA.Vitamin E and coronary artery disease.Arch.Intern.Med 1999;159:1313–20.
82. Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, Kelly F, Cheeseman K, Mitchinson MJ. Randomized controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 1996;347:781–6.
83. Chan AC.Vitamin E and atherosclerosis. J.Nutr. 1998;128:1593–6.
84. Simons LA, von Konigsmark M, Balasubramaniam S. What dose of vitamin E is required to reduce susceptibility of LDL to oxidation? Aust.N.Z.J.Med. 1996;26:496–503.
85. Princen HM, van Duyvenvoorde W, Buytenhek R et al. Supplementation with low doses of vitamin E protects LDL from lipid peroxidation in men and women.Arterioscler. Thromb.Vasc.Biol 1995;15:325–33.
86. Calzada C, Bruckdorfer KR, Rice-Evans CA.The influence of antioxidant nutrients on platelet function in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis 1997;128:97–105.
87. Azen SP,Qian DJ, Mack WJ et al. Effect of supplementary antioxidant vitamin intake on carotid arterial wall intima-media thickness in a controlled clinical trial of cholesterol lowering. Circulation 1996;94:2369–72.
88. Davey PJ, Schulz M, Gliksman M, Dobson M,Aristides M, Stephens NG. Cost-effectiveness of vitamin E therapy in the treatment of patients with angiographically proven coronary narrowing (CHAOS trial). Am.J.Cardiol. 1998;82:414–7.
89. Mottram P, Shige H, Nestel P.Vitamin E improves arterial compliance in middle-aged men and women.Atherosclerosis 1999;145:399–404.
90. Acuff RV,Thedford SS, Hidiroglou NN, Papas AM, and Odom Jr T A. Relative bioavailability of RRR- and allrac- α-tocopheryl acetate in humans: studies using deuterated compounds.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1994; 60: 397–402.
91. Ferslew KE,Acuff RV, Daigneault EA,Woolley TW, Stanton PEJ. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the RRR and all racemic stereoisomers of alpha-tocopherol in humans after single oral administration. J.Clin.Pharmacol. 1993;33:84–8.
92. Acuff RV,Thedford SS, Hidiroglou NN, Papas AM, Odom TAJ. Relative bioavailability of RRR- and all-rac-alphatocopheryl acetate in humans: studies using deuterated compounds.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1994;60:397–402.
93. Burton,GW,Traber MG,Acuff RV,Walters DN, Kayden H, Hughes L, and Ingold KU. Human plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998; 67(4): 669–684.
94. Fauteck JD, Schmidt H, Lerchl A, Kurlemann G, Wittkowski W. Melatonin in epilepsy: First results of replacement therapy and first clinical results. Biol.Signals 1999;8:105–10.
95. Bendich A, Langseth L.The health effects of vitamin C supplementation:A review. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1995;14:124–36.
96. Carr AC, Zhu BZ, Frei B. Potential antiatherogenic mechanisms of ascorbate (vitamin C) and α-tocopherol (vitamin E). Circ.Res. 2000;87:349–54.
97. Jacob RA.Vitamin C nutriture and risk of atherosclerotic heart disease. Nutrition reviews 1998;56:334–7.
98. Niki E, Noguchi N,Tsuchihashi H, Gotoh N. Interaction among vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1995;62:1322S–6S.
99. Tanaka K, Hashimoto T,Tokumaru S, Iguchi H, Kojo S. Interactions between vitamin C and vitamin E are observed in tissues of inherently scorbutic rats. J.Nutr. 1997;127:2060–4.
100. Fuller CJ, Grundy SM, Norkus EP, Jialal I. Effect of ascorbate supplementation on low-density lipoprotein oxidation in smokers. Atherosclerosis 1996;119:139–50.
101. Fotherby MD,Williams JC, Forster LA, Craner P, Ferns GA. Effect of vitamin C on ambulatory blood pressure and plasma lipids in older persons. J.Hypertens. 2000;18:411–5.
102. Jacques PF. Effects of vitamin C on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1992;11:139–44.
103. Ness AR, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Day NE.Vitamin C status and blood pressure. J.Hypertens. 1996;14:503–8.
104. Ness AR, Chee D, Elliott P.Vitamin C and blood pressure— an overview. J.Hum.Hypertens. 1997;11:343–50.
105. Salonen JT, Salonen R, Ihanainen M et al.Vitamin C deficiency and low linolenate intake associated with elevated blood pressure: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. J.Hypertens.Suppl. 1987;5:S521–4.
106. Tofler GH, Stec JJ, Stubbe I et al.The effect of vitamin C supplementation on coagulability and lipid levels in healthy male subjects.Thrombosis Research 2000;100:35–41.
107. Kaufmann PA, Gnecchi-Ruscone T, Di Terlizzi M, Schäfers KP, Lüscher TF, Camici PG. Coronary heart disease in smokers—Vitamin C restores coronary microcirculatory function. Circulation 2000;102:1233–8.
108. Gokce N, Keaney JF, Jr., Frei B et al. Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1999;101:342–6.
109. Hirai N, Kawano H, Hirashima O et al. Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in smokers: effects of vitamin C. Am.J.Physiol.Heart Circ.Physiol. 2000;279:H1172–H1178.
110. Hirashima O, Kawano H, Motoyama T et al. Improvement of endothelial function and insulin sensitivity with vitamin C in patients with coronary spastic angina— Possible role of reactive oxygen species. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol. 2000;35:1860–6.
111. Levine GN, Frei B, Koulouris SN, Gerhard MD, Keaney JFJ,Vita JA. Ascorbic acid reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1996;93:1107–13.
112. Watanabe H, Kakihana M, Ohtsuka S, Sugishita Y. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the preventive effect of supplemental oral vitamin C on attenuation of development of nitrate tolerance. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol. 1998;31:1323–9.
113. Weber C, Erl W,Weber K,Weber PC. Increased adhesiveness of isolated monocytes to endothelium is prevented by vitamin C intake in smokers. Circulation 1996;93:1488–92.
114. Wilkinson IB,Megson IL, MacCallum H, Sogo N, Cockcroft JR,Webb DJ. Oral vitamin C reduces arterial stiffness and platelet aggregation in humans. J.Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1999;34:690–3.
115. Gale CR, Martyn CN,Winter PD, Cooper C.Vitamin C and risk of death from stroke and coronary heart disease in cohort of elderly people. Br.Med.J. 1995;310:1563–6.
116. Simon JA, Hudes ES, Browner WS. Serum ascorbic acid and cardiovascular disease prevalence in U.S. adults. Epidemiology 1998;9:316–21.
117. Nyyssönen K, Parviainen MT, Salonen R,Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT.Vitamin C deficiency and risk of myocardial infarction: Prospective population study of men from eastern Finland. Bmj 1997;314:634–8.
118. Knekt P, Reunanen A, Järvinen R et al. Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study.Am.J.Epidemiol. 1994;139:1180–9.
119. Enstrom JE, Kanim LE, Klein MA.Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the U.S. population. Epidemiology 1992;3:194–202.
120. Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C,Wang Y et al.Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 1996;93:3704–9.
121. Graumlich JF, Ludden TM, Conry-Cantilena C, Cantilena LR, Jr.,Wang YH, Levine M. Pharmacokinetic model of ascorbic acid in healthy male volunteers during depletion and repletion. Pharm.Res. 1997;14:1133–9.
122. Lachance P. Dietary intake of carotenes and the carotene gap. Clin.Nutr. 1988;7:118–22.
123. Kohlmeier L, Hastings SB. Epidemiologic evidence of a role of carotenoids in cardiovascular disease prevention. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1995;62:1370S–6S.
124. Kritchevsky SB. β-carotene, carotenoids, and the prevention of coronary heart disease. J.Nutr. 1999;129:5–8.
125. Morris DL, Kritchevsky SB,Davis CE. Serum carotenoids and coronary heart disease:The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial and Follow-up Study. JAMA 1994;272:1439–41.
126. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta-carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N.Engl.J Med. 1996;334:1145–9.
127. Kritchevsky SB,Tell GS, Shimakawa T et al. Provitamin A carotenoid intake and carotid artery plaques: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998;68:726–33.
128. Arab L, Steck S. Lycopene and cardiovascular disease. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2000;71:1691S–5S.
129. Rao AVR,Agarwal S. Role of antioxidant lycopene in cancer and heart disease. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 2000;19:563–9.
130. Agarwal S, Rao AV.Tomato lycopene and low-density lipoprotein oxidation: A human dietary intervention study. Lipids 1998;33:981–4.
131. Chopra M, O’Neill ME, Keogh N,Wortley G, Southon S,Thurnham DI. Influence of increased fruit and vegetable intake on plasma and lipoprotein carotenoids and LDL oxidation in smokers and nonsmokers. Clinical Chemistry 2000;46:1818–29.
132. Iribarren C, Folsom AR, Jacobs DR, Jr., Gross MD, Belcher JD, Eckfeldt JH. Association of serum vitamin levels, LDL susceptibility to oxidation, and autoantibodies against MDA-LDL with carotid atherosclerosis—A case-control study.Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 1997;17:1171–7.
133. Suter PM. Effect of vitamin E, vitamin C, and β-carotene on stroke risk. Nutrition reviews 2000;58:184–7.
134. Bravo L. Polyphenols: Chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutrition reviews 1998;56:317–33.
135. Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 1993;342:1007–11.
136. Hertog MG, Kromhout D, Aravanis C et al. Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study [published erratum appears in Arch. Intern. Med. 1995 Jun 12;155(11):1184]. Arch.Intern.Med 1995;155:381–6.
137. Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Reunanen A, Maatela J. Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study. Brit.Med.J. 1996;312:478–81.
138. Keli SO, Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Kromhout D. Dietary flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins, and incidence of stroke: the Zutphen study.Arch.Intern.Med 1996;156:637–42.
139. Yochum L, Kushi LH, Meyer K, Folsom AR. Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women.Am. J. Epidemiol. 1999;149:943–9.
140. Schramm DD, German JB. Potential effects of flavonoids on the etiology of vascular disease. J.Nutr.Biochem. 1998;9:560–6.
141. Yang TTC, Koo MWL. Inhibitory effect of Chinese green tea on endothelial cell-induced LDL oxidation. Atherosclerosis 2000;148:67–73.
142. Miura Y, Chiba T, Miura S et al. Green tea polyphenols (flavan 3-ols) prevent oxidative modification of lowdensity lipoproteins: An ex vivo study in humans. J.Nutr.Biochem. 2000;11:216–22.
143. Hodgson JM, Proudfoot JM, Croft KD, Puddey IB, Mori TA, Beilin LJ. Comparison of the effects of black and green tea on in vitro lipoprotein oxidation in human serum. J.Sci.Food Agric. 1999;79:561–6.
144. Ishikawa T, Suzukawa M, Ito T et al. Effect of tea flavonoid supplementation on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;66:261–6.
145. Kono S, Shinchi K, Ikeda N,Yanai F, Imanishi K. Green tea consumption and serum lipid profiles: a cross-sectional study in northern Kyushu, Japan. Prev.Med. 1992;21:526–31.
146. Frankel E. Activity of wine and grape phenolic antioxidants in human LDL. BioFactors 1997;6:433–5.
147. Pignatelli P, Pulcinelli FM, Celestini A et al.The flavonoids quercetin and catechin synergistically inhibit platelet function by antagonizing the intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2000;72:1150–5.
148. Justesen U, Knuthsen P, Leth T. Determination of plant polyphenols in Danish foodstuffs by HPLC- UV and LC-MS detection. Cancer Letters 1997;114:165–7.
149. Dragsted LO, Strube M, Leth T. Dietary levels of plant phenols and other non-nutritive components: Could they prevent cancer? Eur.J.Cancer.Prev.1997;6:522–8.
150. Linseisen J, Radtke J,Wolfram G. Flavonoidzufuhr Erwachsener in einem bayerischen Teilkollektiv der Nationalen Verzehrsstudie. Z.Ernahrungswiss. 1997;36:403–12.
151. Ubbink JB. Homocysteine—an atherogenic and a thrombogenic factor? Nutr.Rev. 1995;53:323–5.
152. McCully KS. Chemical pathology of homocysteine. I. Atherogenesis. Ann.ClinLab.Sci. 1993;23:477–93.
153. Ubbink JB,Vermaak WJ, Bennett JM, Becker PJ, van Staden DA, Bissbort S.The prevalence of homocysteinemia and hypercholesterolemia in angiographically defined coronary heart disease. Klin.Wochenschr. 1991;69:527–34.
154. Wald NJ,Watt HC, Law MR,Weir DG, McPartlin J, Scott JM. Homocysteine and ischemic heart disease: results of a prospective study with implications regarding prevention.Arch.Intern.Med 1998;158:862–7.
155. Arnesen E, Refsum H, Bonaa KH, Ueland PM, Forde OH, Nordrehaug JE. Serum total homocysteine and coronary heart disease. Int.J.Epidemiol. 1995;24:704–9.
156. Graham, I. M., Daly, L. E., Refsum, H. M., et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease.The European Concerted Action Project. JAMA 277(22), 1775–1781. 6-11-1997.
157. Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Farstad M,Vollset SE. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N.Engl.J.Med. 1997;337:230–6.
158. Brattström L, Zhang Y, Hurtig M et al.A common methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutation and longevity. Atherosclerosis 1998;141:315–9.
159. Folsom AR, Nieto FJ, McGovern PG et al. Prospective study of coronary heart disease incidence in relation to fasting total homocysteine, related genetic polymorphisms, and B vitamins: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 1998;98:204–10.
160. Dierkes J, Kroesen M, Pietrzik K. Folic acid and vitamin B6 supplementation and plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy young women. Int.J.Vitam.Nutr.Res. 1998;68:98–103.
161. Malinow MR, Nieto FJ, Kruger WD et al.The effects of folic acid supplementation on plasma total homocysteine are modulated by multivitamin use and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotypes. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 1997;17:1157–62.
162. Ward M, McNulty H, McPartlin J, Strain JJ,Weir DG, Scott JM. Plasma homocysteine, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is lowered by physiological doses of folic acid. Q.J.Med. 1997;90:519–24.
163. Brönstrup A, Hages M, Prinz-Langenohl R, Pietrzik K. Effects of folic acid and combinations of folic acid and vitamin B12 on plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy, young women.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998;68:1104–10.
164. Brouwer, I. A., van Duseldorp, M.,Thomas, C. M. G., DURAN, M., and Et Al. Low-dose folic acid supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations: a randomized trial.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 69, 99–104. 1999.
165. Durlach J, Bac P, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Cardiovasoprotective foods and nutrients: possible importance of magnesium intake. Magnes.Res. 1999;12:57–61.
166. Laurant P,Touyz RM. Physiological and pathophysiological role of magnesium in the cardiovascular system: implications in hypertension. J.Hypertens. 2000;18:1177–91.
167. Itoh K, Kawasaka T, Nakamura M.The effects of high oral magnesium supplementation on blood pressure, serum lipids, and related variables in apparently healthy Japanese subjects. Br.J.Nutr. 1997;78:737–50.
168. Kawano Y, Matsuoka H,Takishita S, Omae T. Effects of magnesium supplementation in hypertensive patients: assessment by office, home, and ambulatory blood pressures. Hypertension 1998;32:260–5.
169. Wirell MP,Wester PO, Stegmayr BG. Nutritional dose of magnesium in hypertensive patients on beta blockers lowers systolic blood pressure:A double-blind, crossover study. J.Intern.Med. 1994;236:189–95.
170. Witteman JCM, Grobbee DE, Derkx FHM, Bouillon R, De Bruijn AM, Hofman A. Reduction of blood pressure with oral magnesium supplementation in women with mild to moderate hypertension.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1994;60:129–35.
171. Plum-Wirell M, Stegmayr BG,Wester PO. Nutritional magnesium supplementation does not change blood pressure nor serum or muscle potassium and magnesium in untreated hypertension.A double-blind crossover study. Magnes.Res. 1994;7:277–83.
172. Sacks FM,Willett WC, Smith A, Brown LE, Rosner B, Moore TJ. Effect on blood pressure of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in women with low habitual intake. Hypertension 1998;31:131–8.
173. Shechter M, Merz CNB, Paul-Labrador M et al. Oral magnesium supplementation inhibits platelet-dependent thrombosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Am.J.Cardiol. 1999;84:152–6.
174. Orlov MV, Brodsky MA, Douban S. A review of magnesium, acute myocardial infarction and arrhythmia. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1994;13:127–32.
175. Sasaki S, Oshima T, Matsuura H et al.Abnormal magnesium status in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Clinical Science 2000;98:175–81.
176. Cappuccio FP, Elliott P, Allender PS, Pryer J, Follman DA, Cutler JA. Epidemiologic association between dietary calcium intake and blood pressure: A metaanalysis of published data.Am.J.Epidemiol. 1995;142:935–45.
177. Lijnen P, Petrov V. Dietary calcium, blood pressure, and cell membrane cation transport systems in males. J.Hypertens. 1995;13:875–82.
178. Gillman MW,Hood MY, Moore LL, Nguyen U-SDT, Singer MR,Andon MB. Effect of calcium supplementation on blood pressure in children. J.Pediatr. 1995;127:186–92.
179. Kawano Y,Yoshimi H, Matsuoka H,Takishita S, Omae T. Calcium supplementation in patients with essential hypertension: assessment by office, home, and ambulatory blood pressure. J.Hypertens. 1998;16:1693–9.
180. Mccarron DA, Reusser ME. Finding consensus in the dietary calcium-blood pressure debate. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1999;18:398S–405S.
181. Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, Bucher HC, Cook DJ.The influence of dietary and nondietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure—An updated metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials.Am.J.Hypertens. 1999;12:84–92.
182. Durlach J, Bac P, Durlach V, Rayssiguier Y, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Magnesium status and ageing: An update. Magnes.Res. 1998;11:25–42.
183. Bronner F. Calcium and osteoporosis.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1994;60:831–6.
184. Teegarden D,Weaver CM. Calcium supplementation increases bone density in adolescent girls. Nutr.Rev. 1994;52:171–3.
185. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY,Tsang HSY, Lau J, Cheng JCY.A randomized double-blind controlled calcium supplementation trial, and bone and height acquisition in children. Br.J.Nutr. 1995;74:125–39.
186. Welten DC, Kemper HC, Post GB, van Staveren WA.A meta-analysis of the effect of calcium intake on bone mass in young and middle-aged females and males. J.Nutr. 1995;125:2802–13.
187. Renner E. Dairy calcium, bone metabolism, and prevention of osteoporosis. J.Dairy.Sci.1994;77:3498–505.
188. Reid IR,Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ. Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.Am.J.Med. 1995;98:331–5.
189. Looker AC, Harris TB, Madans JH, Sempos CT. Dietary calcium and hip fracture risk: the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study. Osteoporos.Int 1993;3:4–84.
190. Power ML, Heaney RP, Kalkwarf HJ et al.The role of calcium in health and disease.Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 1999;181:1560–9.
191. Reid IR.The roles of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of osteoporosis. Endocrinol.Metab.Clin. North.Am. 1998;27:389–98.
192. Food and Nutrition Board and Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium,Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Prepublication Copy. 1997.Washington, D.C., National Academy Press.
193. Sojka JE,Weaver CM. Magnesium supplementation and osteoporosis. Nutr.Rev. 1995;53:71–4.
194. Stendig-Lindberg, G.,Tepper, R., and Leichter, I. Trabecular bone density in a two year controlled trial of peroral magnesium in osteoporosis. Magnesium Research 1993; 6(2): 155–163.
195. Paunier L. Effect of magnesium on phosphorus and calcium metabolism. Monatsschr.Kinderheilkd. 1992;140:S17–S20.
196. Patti L, Maffettone A, Iovine C et al. Long-term effects of fish oil on lipoprotein subfractions and low density lipoprotein size in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis 1999;146:361–7.
197. Volpe SL,Taper LJ,Meacham S.The relationship between boron and magnesium status and bone mineral density in the human: a review. Magnes.Res. 1993;6:291–6.
198. Martini LA. Magnesium supplementation and bone turnover. Nutr.Rev. 1999;57:227–9.
199. Gallagher JC.The role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. J.Rheumatol.Suppl 1996;45:15–8.
200. Bouillon RA,Auwerx JH, Lissens WD, Pelemans WK. Vitamin D status in the elderly: seasonal substrate deficiency causes 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol deficiency. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1987;45:755–63.
201. Diamond T, Smerdely P, Kormas N, Sekel R,Vu T, Day P. Hip fracture in elderly men: the importance of subclinical vitamin D deficiency and hypogonadism. Med.J.Aust. 1998;169:138–41.
202. Torgerson DJ, Kanis JA. Cost-effectiveness of preventing hip fractures in the elderly population using vitamin D and calcium. Q.J.Med. 1995;88:135–9.
203. Ooms ME, Roos JC, Bezemer PD, van der Vijgh WJ, Bouter LM, Lips P. Prevention of bone loss by vitamin D supplementation in elderly women: a randomized doubleblind trial. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab. 1995;80:1052–8.
204. O’Brien KO. Combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation reduces bone loss and fracture incidence in older men and women. Nutr. Rev. 1998;56:148–50.
205. Kaufman JM. Role of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention and the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: an overview. Clin. Rheumatol. 1995;14 Suppl 3:9–13.
206. Gloth FM3, Gundberg CM, Hollis BW, Haddad JG, Jr., Tobin JD.Vitamin D deficiency in homebound elderly persons. JAMA 1995;274:1683–6.
207. Kessenich CR, Rosen CJ.Vitamin D and bone status in elderly women. Orthop.Nurs. 1996;15:67–71.
208. Holick, M. F. Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 61 Suppl., 638S–645S. 1995.
209. Binkley NC, Suttie JW.Vitamin K nutrition and osteoporosis. J.Nutr. 1995;125:1812–21.
210. Vermeer C, Jie K-SG, Knapen MHJ. Role of vitamin K in bone metabolism.Ann.Rev.Nutr. 1995; 15: 1–22.
211. Dowd P, Ham S-W, Naganathan S, Hershline R.The mechanism of action of vitamin K.Annu.Rev.Nutr. 1995;15:419–40.
212. Ferland G.The vitamin K-dependent proteins: an update. Nutr.Rev. 1998;56:223–30.
213. Porter KH. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin: Indicator of vitamin K status and hip fracture risk? Biochem.Arch. 1999;15:225–37.
214. Vermeer G, Schurgers LJ.A comprehensive review of vitamin K and vitamin K antagonists. Hematol.Oncol.Clin.North Am. 2000;14:339–53.
215. Seaborn CD NF. Silicon:A nutritional beneficence for bones, brains and blood vessels? Nutrition Today 1993;28:13–6.
216. Nielsen FH. Ultratrace elements in nutrition: Current knowledge and speculation. J.Trace Elem.Exp.Med. 1998;11:251–74.
217. Carlisle EM. Silicon as a trace nutrient. Sci.Total.Environ. 1988;73:95–106.
218. Seaborn,C.D. and Nielsen, F. H. Effects of germanium and silicon on bone mineralization. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 42, 151–164. 1994.
219. Seaborn CD, Nielsen FH. Response surface analysis of bone composition changes caused by dietary calcium and silicon. FASEB J 1993;7:A77.
220. Rico H, Gallego-Lago JL, Hernández ER et al. Effect of silicon supplement on osteopenia induced by ovariectomy in rats. Calcified Tissue International 2000;66:53–5.
221. Mertz W. Chromium in human nutrition: a review. J.Nutr. 1993;123:626–33.
222. Anderson RA. Chromium, glucose intolerance, and diabetes. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1998;17:548–55.
223. Vincent JB. Mechanisms of chromium action: Low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1999;18:6–12.
224. Freund H,Atamian S, Fischer JE. Chromium deficiency during total parenteral nutrition. JAMA 1979;241:496–8.
225. Jeejeebhoy KN, Chu RC,Marliss EB, Greenberg GR, Bruce-Robertson A. Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1977;30:531–8.
226. Brown RO, Forloines-Lynn S, Cross RE, Heizer WD. Chromium deficiency after long-term total parenteral nutrition. Dig.Dis.Sci. 1986;31:661–4.
227. Jeejeebhoy KN. Chromium and parenteral nutrition. J.Trace Elem.Exp.Med. 1999;12:85–9.
228. Cheng NZ, Zhu XX, Shi HL et al. Follow-up survey of people in China with type 2 diabetes mellitus consuming supplemental chromium. J.Trace Elem.Exp.Med. 1999;12:55–60.
229. Anderson RA, Cheng NZ, Bryden NA et al. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 1997;46:1786–91.
230. Anderson, R.A., Polansky,M.M., Bryden, N. A., and Canary, J. J. Supplemental-chromium effects on glucose, insulin, glucagon, and urinary chromium losses in subjects consuming controlled low-chromium diets. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 54(5), 909–916. 1991.
231. Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Gupta RK, Sharma VK, Singh RG. Can a diet rich in chromium and other minerals modulate blood sugar and blood lipids in noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus? 9 (3).1992.157–162. 1992;157–62.
232. Chausmer AB. Zinc, insulin, and diabetes. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1998;17:109–15.
233. el-Yazigi A, Hannan N, Raines DA. Effect of diabetic state and related disorders on the urinary excretion of magnesium and zinc in patients. Diabetes Res. 1993;22:67–75.
234. Blostein-Fujii A, DiSilvestro RA, Frid D, Katz C, Malarkey W. Short-term zinc supplementation in women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Effects on plasma 5’-nucleotidase activities, insulin-like growth factor concentrations, and lipoprotein oxidation rates in vitro.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;66:639–42.
235. Honnorat J,Accominotti M, Broussolle C, Fleuret AC, Vallon JJ, Orgiazzi J. Effects of diabetes type and treatment on zinc status in diabetes mellitus. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1992;32:311–6.
236. Brun J-F,Guintrand-Hugret R, Fons C et al. Effects of oral zinc gluconate on glucose effectiveness and insulin sensitivity in humans. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1995;47:385–92.
237. Lima MD, Cruz T, Pousada JC, Rodrigues LE, Barbosa K, Canguçu V.The effect of magnesium supplementation in increasing doses on the control of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:682–6.
238. Roffi M, Kanaka C, Mullis PE, Peheim E, Bianchetti MG. Hypermagnesiuria in children with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.Am.J.Nephrol. 1994;14:201–6.
239. Khan LA, Alam AMS, Ali L et al. Serum and urinary magnesium in young diabetic subjects in Bangladesh. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;69:70–3.
240. Lowik MR,Van Dokkum W, Kistemaker C, Schaafsma G, Ockhuizen T. Body composition, health status and urinary magnesium excretion among elderly people (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). Magnes.Res. 1993;6:223–32.
241. Maxwell SRJ,Thomason H, Sandler D et al.Antioxidant status in patients with uncomplicated insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur.J.Clin.Invest. 1997;27:484–90.
242. Nuttall SL, Dunne F, Kendall MJ, Martin U.Age-independent oxidative stress in elderly patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.Q.J.Med. 1999;92:33–8.
243. Cunningham JJ.Micronutrients as nutriceutical interventions in diabetes mellitus. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1998;17:7–10.
244. Gerster H. Prevention of platelet dysfunction by vitamin E in diabetic atherosclerosis. Z.Ernahrungswiss. 1993;32:243–61.
245. Kunisaki M, Umeda F, Inoguchi T,Watanabe J, Nawata H. Effects of vitamin E administration on platelet function in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res. 1990;14:37–42.
246. Tutüncü NB, Bayraktar M,Varli K. Reversal of defective nerve conduction with vitamin E supplementation in type 2 diabetes—A preliminary study. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1915–8.
247. Ceriello A, Giugliano D, Quatraro A, Donzella C, Dipalo G, Lefebvre PJ.Vitamin E reduction of protein glycosylation in diabetes. New prospect for prevention of diabetic complications? Diabetes Care 1991;14:68–72.
248. Duntas L, Kemmer TP,Vorberg B, Scherbaum W. Administration of d-alpha-tocopherol in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
249. Jain SK, McVie R, Jaramillo JJ, Palmer M, Smith T. Effect of modest vitamin E supplementation on blood glycated hemoglobin and triglyceride levels and red cell indices in type 1 diabetic patients. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1996;15:458–61.
250. Jain SK, Krueger KS, McVie R, Jaramillo JJ, Palmer M, Smith T. Relationship of blood thromboxane-B2 (TxB2) with lipid peroxides and effect of vitamin E and placebo supplementation on TxB2 and lipid peroxide levels in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1511–6.
251. Jain SK. Should high-dose vitamin E supplementation be recommended to diabetic patients? Diabetes Care 1999;22:1242–4.
252. Som S, Basu S, Mukherjee D et al. Ascorbic acid metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 1981;30:572–7.
253. Ali SM, Chakraborty SK. Role of plasma ascorbate in diabetic microangiopathy. Bangladesh.Med.Res. Counc.Bull. 1989;15:47–59.
254. Armstrong AM, Chestnutt JE, Gormley MJ,Young IS. The effect of dietary treatment on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in newly diagnosed noninsulin dependent diabetes. Free.Radical.Biol.Med. 1996;21:719–26.
255. Chakraborty SK. Plasma ascorbate status in newly diagnosed diabetics exhibiting retinopathy—a finding that alarms. Bangladesh.Med.Res.Counc.Bull. 1992;18:30–5.
256. Sinclair AJ,Taylor PB, Lunec J, Girling AJ, Barnett AH. Low plasma ascorbate levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus consuming adequate dietary vitamin C. Diabet.Med 1994;11:893–8.
257. Pecoraro RE, Chen MS. Ascorbic acid metabolism in diabetes mellitus.Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1987;498:248–58.
258. Cunningham JJ, Mearkle PL, Brown RG.Vitamin C:An aldose reductase inhibitor that normalizes erythrocyte sorbitol in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1994;13:344–50.
259. Cunningham JJ.The glucose/insulin system and vitamin C: implications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1998;17:105–8.
260. McAuliffe AV, Brooks BA, Fisher EJ, Molyneaux LM, Yue DK. Administration of ascorbic acid and an aldose reductase inhibitor (tolrestat) in diabetes: Effect on urinary albumin excretion. Nephron 1998;80:277–84.
261. Wang H, Zhang ZB,Wen RR, Chen JW. Experimental and clinical studies on the reduction of erythrocyte sorbitol-glucose ratios by ascorbic acid in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes.Res.Clin.Pract. 1995;28:1–8.
262. Eriksson J, Kohvakka A. Magnesium and ascorbic acid supplementation in diabetes mellitus. Ann.Nutr.Metab. 1995;39:217–23.
263. Chevion S, Hofmann M, Ziegler R, Chevion M, Nawroth PP.The antioxidant properties of thioctic acid: Characterization by cyclic voltammetry. Biochem.Mol.Biol.Int. 1997;41:317–27.
264. Van Dam PS, Bravenboer B. Oxidative stress and antioxidant treatment in diabetic neuropathy. Neurosci.Res.Commun. 1997;21:41–8.
265. Haak ES, Usadel KH, Kohleisen M,Yilmaz A, Kusterer K, Haak T.The effect of α-lipoic acid on the neurovascular reflex arc in patients with diabetic neuropathy assessed by capillary microscopy. Microvasc.Res. 1999;58:28–34.
266. Ziegler D, Gries FA. Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral and cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes 1997;46 Suppl 2:S62–S66.
267. Chandra RK. Nutrition and the immune system:An introduction.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;66:460S–3S.
268. Erickson KL, Medina EA, Hubbard NE. Micronutrients and innate immunity. J.Infect.Dis. 2000;182:S5–S10.
269. Lesourd BM. Nutrition and immunity in the elderly: Modification of immune responses with nutritional treatments.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;66:478S–84S.
270. Bogden JD, Bendich A, Kemp FW et al. Daily micronutrient supplements enhance delayed-hypersensitivity skin test responses in older people.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1994;60:437–47.
271. Semba RD.Vitamin A, immunity, and infection. Clin.Infect.Dis. 1994;19:489–99.
272. Underwood BA. Hypovitaminosis A: International programmatic issues. J.Nutr. 1994;124 Suppl.:1467S–72S.
273. Stephensen CB, Alvarez JO, Kohatsu J, Hardmeier R, Kennedy JI, Jr., Gammon RB, Jr.Vitamin A is excreted in the urine during acute infection.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1994;60:388–92.
274. Bendich A. Beta-carotene and immune response. Proc.Nutr.Soc. 1991;50:263–74.
275. Hughes DA,Wright AJ, Finglas PM et al.The effect of beta-carotene supplementation on the immune function of blood monocytes from healthy male nonsmokers. J. Lab.Clin.Med. 1997;129:309–17.
276. Santos MS, Gaziano JM, Leka LS, Beharka AA, Hennekens CH, Meydani SN. Beta-carotene-induced enhancement of natural killer cell activity in elderly men: an investigation of the role of cytokines. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 68(1), 164–170. 1998.
277. Watson RR, Prabhala RH, Plezia PM, Alberts DS, Pike J, Chandra RK. Effect of beta-carotene on lymphocyte subpopulations in elderly humans: evidence for a doseresponse relationship. Effect of vitamin and trace element supplementation on immune indices in healthy elderly.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1991;53:90–4.
278. De La Fuente M, Ferrández MD, Burgos MS, Soler A, Prieto A, Miquel J. Immune function in aged women is improved by ingestion of vitamins C and E. Can.J.Physiol. Pharmacol. 1998;76:373–80.
279. Hemila H.Vitamin C and common cold incidence: a review of studies with subjects under heavy physical stress. Int.J.Sports.Med. 1996;17:379–83.
280. Hemila H.Vitamin C intake and susceptibility to the common cold. British.J.Nutr. 1997;77:59–72.
281. Hunt C, Chakravorty NK,Annan G, Habibzadeh N, Schorah CJ.The clinical effects of vitamin C supplementation in elderly hospitalized patients with acute respiratory infections. Int.J.Vitam.Nutr.Res. 1994;64:212–9.
282. Jayachandran M, Panneerselvam C. Cellular immune responses to vitamin C supplementation in aging humans assessed by the in vitro leucocyte migration inhibition test. Med.Sci.Res. 1998;26:227–30.
283. Peters EM, Goetzsche JM, Grobbelaar B, Noakes TD. Vitamin C supplementation reduces the incidence of postrace symptoms of upper-respiratory-tract infection in ultramarathon runners.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1993;57:170–4.
284. Wilson CW, Greene M, Loh HS.The metabolism of supplementary vitamin C during the common cold. J. Clin.Pharmacol. 1976;16:19–29.
285. Meydani SN, Beharka AA. Recent developments in vitamin E and immune response. Nutrition reviews 1998;56:S49–S58.
286. Serafini M. Dietary vitamin E and T-cell-mediated function in the elderly: effectiveness and mechanism of action. Int.J.Dev.Neurosci. 2000;18:401–10.
287. Meydani SN,Meydani M, Blumberg JB et al.Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1997;277:1380–6.
288. Chavance M, Herbeth B, Fournier C, Janot C,Vernhes G.Vitamin status, immunity, and infections in an elderly population. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 1989;43:827–35.
289. Bates CJ, Pentieva KD, Prentice A, Mansoor MA, Finch S. Plasma pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxic acid and their relationship to plasma homocysteine in a representative sample of British men and women aged 65 years and over. Br.J.Nutr. 1999;81:191–201.
290. Meydani SN,Ribaya-Mercado JD,Russell RM, Sahyoun N, Morrow FD, Gershoff SN.Vitamin B6 deficiency impairs interleukin 2 production and lymphocyte proliferation in elderly adults.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1991;53:1275–80.
291. Talbott MC,Miller LT, Kerkvliet NI. Pyridoxine supplementation: effect on lymphocyte responses in elderly persons.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1987;46:659–64.
292. Folkers K, Morita M, McRee J, Jr.The activities of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin B6 for immune responses. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 1993;193:88–92.
293. Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Zinc deficiency and immune function.Annu.Rev.Nutr. 1990;10:415–31.
294. Brignola C, Belloli C, De Simone G et al. Zinc supplementation restores plasma concentrations of zinc and thymulin in patients with Crohn’s disease. Aliment.Pharmacol. Ther. 1993;7:275–80.
295. Gupta RK, Bhattacharya SK, Sundar S, Kumar K, Kachhawaha JS, Sen PC.A correlative study of serum zinc and in vivo cell mediated immune status in rheumatic heart disease.Acta.Cardiol. 1996;47:297–304.
296. Sherman AR. Zinc, copper, and iron nutriture and immunity. J.Nutr. 1992;122:604–9.
297. Mei W, Dong ZM, Liao BL, Xu HB. Study of immune function of cancer patients influenced by supplemental zinc or selenium-zinc combination. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1991;28:11–9.
298. Shankar AH, Prasad AS. Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998;68:447S–63S.
299. Wellinghausen N, Kirchner H, Rink L.The immunobiology of zinc. Immunol.Today 1997;18:519–21.
300. Prasad AS. Zinc and immunity. Mol.Cell.Biochem. 1998;188:63–9.
301. Mazzotta MY. Nutrition and wound healing. J.Am.Podiatr.Med.Assoc. 1994;84:456–62.
302. Sun E, Xu H, Liu Q, Zhou J, Zuo P,Wang J.The mechanism for the effect of selenium supplementation on immunity. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1995;48:231–8.
303. Roy M, Kiremidjian-Schumacher L,Wishe HI, Cohen MW, Stotzky G. Supplementation with selenium restores age-related decline in immune cell function. Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med. 1995;209:369–75.
304. Rayman MP.The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 2000;356:233–41.
305. Taylor EW. Selenium and cellular immunity—Evidence that selenoproteins may be encoded in the +1 reading frame overlapping the human CD4, CD8, and HLADR genes. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1995;49:85–95.
306. Levander OA, Beck MA. Selenium and viral virulence. Br.Med.Bull. 1999;55:528–33.
307. Beck MA. Nutritionally induced oxidative stress: effect on viral disease.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2000;71:1676S–9S.
308. Forceville X,Vitoux D, Gauzit R, Combes A, Lahilaire P, Chappuis P. Selenium, systemic immune response syndrome, sepsis, and outcome in critically ill patients. Crit.Care.Med. 1998;26:1536–44.
309. Girodon F, Lombard M, Galan P et al. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on infection in institutionalized elderly subjects:A controlled trial.Ann.Nutr.Metab. 1997;41:98–107.
310. Goldbloom R, Battista RN,Anderson G et al. Periodic health examination, 1994 update: 3. Primary and secondary prevention of neural tube defects. Can.Med.Assoc.J. 1994;151:159–66.
311. Daly S, Mills JL, Molloy AM et al. Minimum effective dose of folic acid for food fortification to prevent neural-tube defects. Lancet 1997;350:1666–9.
312. Berry RJ, Li Z, Erickson JD et al. Prevention of neuraltube defects with folic acid in China. N.Engl.J.Med. 1999;341:1485–90.
313. Werler MM, Hayes C, Louik C, Shapiro S, Mitchell AA. Multivitamin supplementation and risk of birth defects. Am.J.Epidemiol. 1999;150:675–82.
314. Seddon JM,Ajani UA, Sperduto RD et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A,C, and E, and advanced agerelated macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. JAMA 1994;272:1413–20.
315. Berendschot TTJM, Goldbohm RA, Klöpping WAA,Van de Kraats J,Van Norel J,Van Norren D. Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2000;41:3322–6.
316. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Dixon Z, Chen Y, Llerena CM. Lutein and zeaxanthin in the eyes, serum, and diet of human subjects. Exp.Eye.Res. 2000;71:239–45.
317. Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM et al. A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in U.S. men.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;70:517–24.
318. Chasan-Taber L,Willett WC, Seddon JM et al.A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in U.S. women.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;70:509–16.
319. Moeller SM, Jacques PF, Blumberg JB.The potential role of dietary xanthophylls in cataract and age-related macular degeneration. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 2000;19:522S–7S.
320. Pratt S. Dietary prevention of age-related macular degeneration. J.Am.Optom.Assoc. 1999;70:39–47.
321. Yeum KJ, Shang F, Schalch W, Russell RM,Taylor A. Fat-soluble nutrient concentrations in different layers of human cataractous lens. Curr.Eye.Res. 1999;19:502–5.
322. Gerster H. Antioxidant vitamins in cataract prevention. Z.Ernahrungswiss. 1989;28:56–75.
323. Belda JI, Romá J,Vilela C et al. Serum vitamin E levels negatively correlate with severity of age-related macular degeneration. Mech.Ageing.Dev. 1999;107:159–64.
324. Delcourt C, Cristol JP,Tessier F et al. Age-related macular degeneration and antioxidant status in the POLA study.Arch.Ophthalmol. 1999;117:1384–90.
325. Lyle BJ, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein BE et al. Serum carotenoids and tocopherols and incidence of agerelated nuclear cataract.Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;69:272–7.
326. Seth RK, Kharb S. Protective function of alpha-tocopherol against the process of cataractogenesis in humans. Ann.Nutr.Metab. 1999;43:286–9.
327. Hathcock, J. N.Vitamin and Mineral Safety. 1997.Washington, DC, Council for Responsible Nutrition.
328. Food and Nutrition Board and Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C,Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. (Advance Copy). 2000. Washington, D.C., National Academy Press.
329. Food and Nutrition Board and Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes:Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate,Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Prepublication Copy. 1998.Washington, D.C., National Academy Press.
330. Thomas JA. Drug-nutrient interactions. Nutr.Rev. 1995;53:271–82.
331. Matsui MS, Rozovski SJ. Drug-nutrient interaction. Clin.Ther. 1997;4:423–40.
332. Andersen P, Godal HC. Predictable reduction in anticoagulant activity of warfarin by small amounts of vitamin K. Acta.Med.Scand. 1975;198:269–70.
333. Karlson, B., Leijd, B., and Hellstrom, K. On the influence of vitamin K-rich vegetables and wine on the effectiveness of warfarin treatment. Acta.Med.Scand. 220(4), 347–350. 1986.
334. Booth SL, Charnley JM, Sadowski JA, Saltzman E, Bovill EG, Cushman M. Dietary vitamin K1 and stability of oral anticoagulation: Proposal of a diet with constant vitamin K1 content.Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1997;77:504–9.
335. Sorano GG, Biondi G, Conti M, Mameli G, Licheri D, Marongiu F. Controlled vitamin K content diet for improving the management of poorly controlled anticoagulated patients: a clinical practice proposal. Haemostasis 1993;23:77–82.

Дополнительную информацию можно получить:

www.pharmanex.com/ru


8 800 200 1984

Москва, Россия

Й Лесной пер., д. 4


 


* Не является лекарственным средством.


Поделиться:



Последнее изменение этой страницы: 2019-04-01; Просмотров: 136; Нарушение авторского права страницы


lektsia.com 2007 - 2024 год. Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав! (0.041 с.)
Главная | Случайная страница | Обратная связь