Text 11 . Insights and Clarification

The following issues are raised by the dynamic behaviour shown by the model of world forces.

1. Industrialization may be a more fundamental disturbing force in world ecology than is population. In fact, the population explosion is perhaps best viewed as a result of technology and industrialization. (Medicine and public health are included here as a part of industrialization.)

Within the next century, man may face choices from a four-pronged dilemma suppression of modern industrial society by a natural-resource shortage; decline of world population from changes wrought by pollution; popula­tion limitation by food shortage; or population

2. collapse from war, disease, and social stresses caused by physical and psychological crowding.

3. We may now be living in a "golden age" when, in spite of a widely acknowledged feeling of malaise, the quality of life is, on the average, higher than ever before in history and higher now than the future offers.

4. Exhortations and programs, directed at population con­trol may be inherently self-defeating. If population con­trol begins to result, as hoped, in higher per capita food supply and material standard of living, these very improvements may relax the pressures and generate forces to trigger a resurgence of population growth.

5.       The high standard of living of modern industrial societies seems to result from a production of food and material goods that has been able to outrun the rising population. But, as agriculture reaches a space limit, as industrialization reaches a natural-resource limit, and as both reach a pollution limit, population tends to catch up. Population then grows until the "quality of life" falls far enough to stabilize population.

6. There may be no realistic hope of the present under-developed countries reaching the standard of living demonstrated by the present industrialized nations. The pollution and natural-resource load placed on the world environmental system by each person in an advanced country is probably 20 to 50 times greater than the load now generated by a person in an underdeveloped country. With 4 times as many people in underdeveloped countries as in the present developed countries, their rising to the economic level that has been set as a standard by the industrialized nations could mean an increase of 10 times in the natural-resource and pollution load on the world environment. Noting the destruction that has already occurred on land, in the air, and especially in the oceans, capability appears not to exist for handling such a rise in standard of living. In fact, the present disparity between the developed and underdeveloped nations may be equalized as much by a decline in the developed countries as by an improvement in the underdeveloped countries.

7. A society with a high level of industrialization may be nonsustainable. It may be self-extinguishing if it exhausts the natural resources on which it depends. Or, if unending substitution for declining natural resources were possible, a new international strife over pollution and environmental rights might pull the average world-wide standard of living back to the level of a century ago.

8.       From the long view of a hundred years hence, the present efforts of underdeveloped countries to industrialize may be unwise. They may now be closer to an ultimate equilibrium with the environment than are the industrialized nations. The present underdeveloped countries may be in a better condition for surviving forthcoming world-wide environmental and economic pressures than are the ad­vanced countries. If one of the several forces strong enough to cause a collapse in world population does arise, the underdeveloped countries might suffer far less than their share of the decline because economies with less organization, integration, and specialization are probably less vulnerable to disruption.

 

Exercise 93 . Answer the questions on text 11.

1. Why may industrialization be a fundamental disturbing force? 2. What four-pronged dilemma may man face within the next century? 3. May we be living in a “golden age”? Why? 4. Why may the population control be self-defeating? 5. What may the high standard of living cause? 6. Why may there be no realistic hope of underdeveloped countries to reach high standard of living? 7. Why may a society with a high level of industrialization be nonsustainable? 8. Why may the present underdeveloped countries be in a better condition for surviving forthcoming pressures?

 

Exercise 94 . Match the terms and their definitions:

1. suppression	a)a balance between different people, groups or forces that compete with each other, so that none is stronger that the others and a situation is not likely to change suddenly.
2.disparity	b) prevention of something from growing or developing or from working effectively.
3.industrialism	c)the amount of wealth, comfort and other things that a particular person, group, country etc. has.
4.standard of living	d) the system by which a society gets its wealth through industries and machinery.
5.equilibrium	e)a difference between two or more things especially an unfair one.

 

Exercise 95 . Make sure that you can translate the following words and phrases.

Disturbing force; population explosion; to view as; a natural-resource shortage; share of the decline; population collapse; physical crowding; in spite of; to direct at; per capita; food supply; to tend to catch up; underdeveloped countries; advanced countries; ultimate equilibrium.

 

Exercise 96 . Make up your own sentences based on the text using the following words and word combinations: to fall far enough; to stabilize the situation; to pull back; a rise in standard of living; unending substitution; to cause a collapse; vulnerable to disruption; to suffer far less; to exhaust the resources; an international strife over pollution.

 

Exercise 97 . Use these structures in sentences of your own.

4 times as many… as; an increase of 10 times; from 20 to 50 times greater than…; may be equalized by….

 

Exercise 98 . Translate the words, taking into account the meanings of the prefix “out –“.

Model: out + Noun or Adjective = outside or beyond something. out + Verb = being or becoming bigger, further, greater, better…

to outrun, an outbreak, to outlive, to outgrow, to out-argue, outcome, to outdo, outdated, outdoor, an outflow, an outgrowth, an outlet, an outline.

 

Exercise 99 . Make up 5 sentences with the words from       exercise 98.

Model: A production of food and material goods is able to outrun the rising population.

 

Exercise 100 . Translate the sentences having “Nominative with the Infinitive” construction.

 

Capability He They The goods The high standard of living

appears proved didn’t happen don’t chance seems

not to exist for handling such a rise; to be a very experienced engineer; to be there at that time; to have been packed carefully; to result from the high production rate.

 

Exercise 101 . Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. The high standard of living seems to result from a high production rate. 2. The water seems to be boiling. 3. Manager seemed to have forgotten his promise. 4. She seems tired. 5. She seems to be tired. 6. He doesn’t seem to know this subject. 7. He seems not to know this subject. 8. There seem to be no changes in the trade relations between these two countries. 9. He seems to know English well.

 

Exercise 102 . Translate into English.

1. Він, здається, досвідчений керівник. 2. Здавалось, що результати експерименту його розчарували. 3. Здається, немає жодних заперечень проти цієї угоди. 4. Здавалось, що вони очікували на приїзд делегації дуже давно. 5. Вони, здається, чекають на Вас на першому поверсі. 6. Виявилося багато труднощів у розв’язанні чотирьохсторонньої проблеми.                   7. Очевидно, що індустріалізація викликала зростання кількості товарів на душу населення. 8. Їм здавалось, що сільське господарство досягло своєї межі. 9. Виявляється, що ми живемо в «золотий вік». 10. Трапилось так, що підвищення рівня життя спричинило зменшення чисельності населення. 11. Виявилося, що зниження цих показників врівноважило існуючу нерівність споживання продуктів харчування.

 

Exercise 103. Learn the following words and word combinations.

executive actions	–виконавча діяльність
fuzzy	– нечіткий, розпливчастий
shift	– переміщуватися; змінювати курс
train poorly	– погано тренувати/готувати

 

Exercise 104 . Read, translate and give the gist of text 12.

⇐ Предыдущая69707172737475767778Следующая ⇒

Поделиться: