INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Стр 1 из 12Следующая ⇒ INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND  COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY LESSON 1 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION Communication has improved and evolved to facilitate our daily activities. In the 21st century, everything related to communication utilizes technology to ‘send out’ or disseminate information to a wider audience. Information can be ‘sent out’ in many ways. The inventions of cellular phones, television and other electronic devices are important in enhancing communication. WHAT IS ICT? ICT is the technology required for information processing, in particular, the use of electronic computers, communication devices and software applications to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime. INFORMATION Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research.     The tools to transmit information are the telephone, television and radio.   We need information to make decisions and to predict the future. For example, scientists can detect the formation of a tsunami using the latest technology and warn the public to avoid disasters in the affected areas.   Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily tasks. For example, forecasting the stock exchange market. COMMUNICATION     Communication is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals using symbols, signs or verbal interactions. Previously, people communicated through sign or symbols, performing drama and poetry. With the advent of technology, these ‘older’ forms of communication are less utilised as compared to the use of the Internet, e-mail or video conferencing.     Communication is important in order to gain knowledge. With knowledge, we are more confident in expressing our thoughts and ideas. TECHNOLOGY Technology is the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create processes and products that fulfill human needs. Technology is vital in communication.   Aiding Communication Telephone and fax machines are the devices used in extending communication.   Spreading Information To broadcast information such as news or weather reports effectively. Radio, television, satellites and the World Wide Web (www) are powerful tools that can be used.   TECHNOLOGY TIMELINE   Technology Year     In 3500 BC, the Sumerians developed cuneiform writing.         In 1500 BC, the Phoenicians developed the alphabet       In 105 BC, Tsai Lun of China invented paper.       In 1454, the first printing began with the creation of a printing machine.       In 1793, the telegraph line was invented.         In 1876, the first telephone was introduced.           In 1925, television was made known to public.     In 1941, the computer was created.       In 1958, the photocopier machine was introduced.       In 1963, the communication satellite was  introduced.     In 1969, the first Internet known as ARPANET was introduced.   LESSON 2 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS In the early years, before the computer was invented, there are several inventions of counting machines.   Year     200 BC       CHINESE ABACUS   500 BC   EGYPTIAN ABACUS   1620   JOHN NAPIER   NAPIER'S BONES 1653     BLAISE PASCAL     PASCALINE     1673       GOTTFRIED WILHELM VON LEIBNIZ   LEIBNIZ'S RECHNER 1801   JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD     WEAVING LOOM 1823     CHARLES BABBAGE   MECHANICAL CALCULATOR MACHINE 1941     HARVARD UNIVERSITY MARK 1 COMPUTER GENERATIONS   FIRST GENERATION (1940-1956)   The first generation of computer were huge, slow, expensive and often unreliable. In 1946, two Americans, Presper Eckert and Willian Mauchly build the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It use vacuum tube instead of mechanical switches of the MARK 1.           UNIVAC – UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly build the UNIVAC, which could calculate at the rate of 10,000 addition per seconds.   Hardware Technology New invention of hardware were needed with the new computer technology.   Technology Details   VACUUM TUBE   The vacuum tube was an extremely important step of the advancement of computers.In a computer, a vacuum tube which is an electronic tube about the size of light bulbs, was used as the internal computer components. Thousands of them were used. PUNCHED CARD     Punched card was used to store data. MAGNETIC TAPE       Magnetic tape was introduced in 1957. It was a faster and a more compact method of storing data. Using magnetic tape became more reliable and cost-effective.     Problems the vacuum tubes generated a great deal of heat causing many problems in temperature regulation and climate control the tubes also burnt out frequently people operating the computer did not know that the problem was in the programming machine the second generation computer scientists invented something new due to lots of problem created by vacuum tubes Advantages A new concept in this generation was that of a family of computer which allowed computer to be upgraded and expanded as necessary. · Silicone chips were reliable, compact and cheaper. · Sold hardware and software separately which created the software industry. · customer service industry flourished (reservation and credit checks) Advantages Computers became 100 times smaller than ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) the first computer Gain in speed, reliability and storage capacity Personal and software industry boomed   FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT & BEYOND)   The fifth generation computers are technologically advance and are still being development to become more efficient.   The inventions of new hardware technology in the fifth generation have grown rapidly including many other modern computer devices such as : silicone chips processor robotics virtual reality intelligent systems programs which translate languages NEW ERA COMPUTER   After the fifth generation computer, the technology of computer has become more advanced, modern and sophisticated. The latest invention in the era of computers are : Super Computers Mainframe Computers Mini Computers Personal Computers Mobile Computers     In the new era of computers, expert system such as teleconferencing and speech-recognition system have been invented as part of modern world communication tools.   LESSON 3 USAGE OF ICT IN DAILY LIFE EDUCATION   Today, most schools and higher educational institutions have computers in the classroom for teacher and students. In education, teachers, students, researchers and school administrators benefits from the usage of ICT.         Teachers   Teachers use computers to research for teaching materials, participate in online forums and online conferences as well as to aid their teaching.     Students   Students use the computers as a reference tool. They use computers to browse the Internet to look for information.   Researchers   Researchers use computers to collect and process data.       School administrators     School administrators use computers for administrative purposes to make sure that the entire operation runs smoothly.     BANKING The computer is the nerve centre of the banking system around the world. It functions to control the entire banking system that also includes 'Electronic Banking Services'.   Electronic banking provides 24 hour services. The services include :   Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Cheque Deposit Electronic Fund Tranfer Direct Deposit Pay by phone system Personal computer banking/ internet banking     In the banking sector, customers, businessman and bank administrator benefits from the usage of ICT.       Customers   Customers can make any transactions at the 24 hour service centres or via online.These services allow them to do transaction at anytime they want.     Businessmen   Businessmen can save their time by using the online services offered by banks. They can access company accounts for loan applications, business transactions and update on their cash flow at any time. Bank administrators     Bank administrators can oversee the entire banking activities such as reconciliations, inter-branch transactions (IBT), telegraphic transfer and others by referring to the banking system.   INDUSTRY Computers are used to facilitate production planning and control systems, to support chain management and to help in product design in the industrial sector.In the industrial sector ,workers, researchers and administrator benefits from the usage of ICT.     Workers   Workers use machines that are connected to computers to operate. In some productions, robots are used to take over jobs that are dangerous to the workers.   Researchers   Researchers use computers to analyse and collect research data for future reference.   Administrators   Administrators use computers to oversee the entire operations in the plant or factory to detect specific errors or defects that occurred in the process.   E-COMMERCE   E-commerce helps in boosting the economy. It makes buying and selling activities easier, more efficient and faster. For this application, computers, Internet and shared software are needed.   In the e-commerce sector ,customers r, suppliers and employees benefits from the usage of ICT.   Customers   Customers use computers to be connected online with suppliers to purchase products. This method can save time and cost as they do not have to go to any outlets. Suppliers   Suppliers use computers to keep track of their transactions. All products are bar coded and can be read by the computer scanner to help in determining prices and managing inventory.     Employees   Employees use computers and telephones to communicate with their customers for any enquiries.   The system helps employees to get the latest updates on inventory to be informed to the customers.   OTHER SECTOR   LESSON 4 EDUCATION     education is the science of teaching and learning of specific skills it also imparts knowledge, good judgement and wisdom   BANKING SYSTEM   BANKING BEFORE ICT · banking was done manually by taking deposits directly · transactions can only be made during working hours · takes time to approve any loan applications   BANKING WITH ICT all transactions are done by computers transaction can be done at anytime and place online services, phone banking system, credit cards are available   INDUSTRY   INDUSTRY BEFORE ICT Production was slow because everything was done manually and totally depended on human labour.   INDUSTRY WITH ICT Computers and telecommunications industry became very opular and profitable since production can be increased through an all day operation.     COMMERCE   Commerce is an activity of exchanging, buying and selling of commodities on a large scale involving transportation from place to place.   COMMERCE BEFORE ICT Trading was made using the barter system and it was then later developed into currency. Advertisement was in the form of word of mouth, billboards and printed flyers. Trading globally was extremely slow, late and expensive. Traders had to find ways to market local products in the global market.   COMMERCE WITH ICT E-commerce plays an important role in the economic scene. It includes distribution, buying, selling and servicing products that are done electronically.   LESSON 5 LOWER COMMUNICATION COST     Using the Internet is cost-effective than the other modes of communication such as telephone, mailing or courier service.  It allows people to have access to large amounts of data at a very low cost. With the Internet we do not have to pay for any basic services provided by the Internet. Furthermore, the cost of connection to the Internet is relatively cheap.   PAPERLESS ENVIRONMENT ICT technology has created the term paperless environment. This term means information can be stored and retrieved through the digital medium instead of paper. Online communication via emails, online chat and instant messaging also helps in creating the paperless environment. BORDERLESS COMMUNICATION   Internet offers fast information retrieval, interactivity, accessibility and versatility. It has become a borderless sources for services and information. Through the Internet, information and communication can be borderless.   SOCIAL PROBLEMS   There are some negative effects of ICT. It has created social problems in the society. Nowadays, people tend to choose online communication rather than having real time conversations. People tend to become more individualistic and introvert.   Another negative effect of ICT is : fraud identity theft Pornography Hacking   This will result a moral decedent and generate threads to the society.   HEALTH PROBLEMS     A computer may harm users if they use it for long hours frequently. Computer users are also exposed to bad posture, eyestrain, physical and mental stress. In order to solve the health problems, an ergonomic environment can be introduced. For example, an ergonomic chair can reduces back strain and a screen filter is used to minimize eye strain.   COMPUTER ETHICS AND LEGAL ISSUES LESSON 6 COMPUTER ETHICS ETHICS IN GENERAL A guideline is needed to stop the current technology products from being exploited for example replicating original CDs and selling them as pirated software, this unethical behaviour can be controlled by the code of conducts.   Unethical refers to any code of conducts that are not conforming to approved standards of social or professional behaviour.   Computer ethics is a system of moral standards or values used as a guideline for computer users. LESSON 7 DEFINITION OF LAW Law is a legal system comprising of rules and principles that govern the affairs of a community and controlled by a political authority. Law differs from one country to another. In the era of technology, computer law is needed to clarify goods or actions that fall under the computer law. Computer law refers to all areas in law that requires an understanding of computer technology such as hardware, software and Internet.     Examples of laws of computing in Malaysia include the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Act, the Computer Crime Act 1997 and the Telemedicine Act 1997.   RESPECTING OWNERSHIP We must respect ownership by not stealing other people’s work either by duplicating or distributing it. Duplicating and distributing copies of audio tapes, video tapes and computer programs without permission and authorisation from the individual or company that created the program are immoral and illegal.   RESPECTING PROPERTY Property here means ownership. Since an individual data and information are considered as property, therefore, an act of tampering and changing electronic information is considered as vandalism and disrespect for other people’s property.   ETHICS
GUIDELINE	As a guideline to computer users.
MORAL STANDARDS	Ethical behaviour is judged by moral standards.
FREE TO FOLLOW	Computer users are free to follow or ignore the code of ethics.
NO PUNISHMENTS	No punishment for anyone who violates ethics.
UNIVERSALS	Universal, can be applied anywhere, all over the world.
PRODUCE ETHICAL COMPUTER USERS	To produce ethical computer users.
IMMORAL	Not honouring computer ethics means ignoring the moral elements (immoral).

 

LAW
CONTROL	As a rule to control computer users.
JUDICIAL STANDARDS	Law is judged by judicial standards.
MUST FOLLOW	Computer users must follow the regulations and law.
PENALTIES, IMPRISONMENTS  AND OTHER PUNISHMENTS	Penalties, imprisonments and other punishments for those who break the law.
DEPENDS ON COUNTRY	Depends on country and state where the crime is committed.
PREVENT MISUSING OF COMPUTERS	To prevent misuse of computers.
CRIME	Not honouring the law means committing a crime.

 

LESSON 8

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW

Intellectual Property laws cover ideas, inventions, literary creations, unique names, business models, industrial processes, computer program codes and more.

 

Patents for inventions

Utility, design or plant patents that protect inventions and improvements to

existing inventions

 

Copyright for material

The features of, in particular,the lines, contours, colours,shape, texture or material of the product itself or its ornamentation.

 

LESSON 9

PRIVACY IN COMPUTER USAGE

WHAT IS PRIVACY?

Privacy in IT refers to data and information privacy.

Data refers to a collection of raw unprocessed facts, figures and

symbols. Then, computer is used to process data into information. In

general, data include texts, numbers, sounds, images and video.

 

Information privacy is described as the rights of individuals and companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them.

 

Cookies

• are used to identify users by web casting,   e-commerce and other web applications
• contain user information and are saved in the computer hard disk
• are used by some websites to store passwords and track how regularly we visit a website, that’s how we become potential targets for web advertisers
• enable web sites to collect information about your online activities and store them for future use, then the collected details will be sold to any company that requests for it.

 

Electronic profile

• electronic profile is the combining of data in a database that can be sold to the Internet by the company to the interested parties.
• this database is in a form such as magazine subscription or product warranty cards that had been filled by online subscribers.
• the information in electronic profile includes personal details such as your age, address and marital status.

 

Spyware

• refers to a program that collects user information without the user’s knowledge.
• can enter computers, sneaking in like a virus.
• is a result of installing new programs.
• communicates information it collects to some outside source while we are online.

 

WHY DO WE NEED PRIVACY?

We need privacy for anonymity. For example, the Internet creates an elaborate trail of data detailing a person surfing on the Web because all

information is stored inside cookies. We do not want our trail to be detected.

 

We also need privacy for confidentiality. For example, online information generated in the course of a business transaction is routinely used for

a variety of other purposes without the individual’s knowledge or consent.  

 

We do not want our private lives and habits exposed to third parties.

 

CAN PRIVACY BE PROTECTED?

Privacy can be protected by:

 

(a) Privacy law

The privacy laws in Malaysia emphasises on the following:

• Security Services to review the security policy
• Security Management to protect the resources
• Security Mechanism to implement the required security services
• Security Objects, the important entities within the system environment

(b) Utilities software

Example: anti-spam program, firewall, anti-spyware and antivirus.

LESSON 10

AUTHENTICATIONS

Authentication is a process where users verify that they are who they say they are. The user who attempts to perform functions in a system is in fact the user who is authorised to do so.

For Example : When you use an ATM card, the machine will verify the validation of the card then the machine will request for a pin number. This is where the authentication process takes place.

 

 

AUTHENTICATION

 

Valid (T)

METHODS OF AUTHENTICATION

There are two commonly used authentication methods, which are biometric device and callback system.

Biometric device is a device that translates personal characteristics into a digital code that is compared with a digital code stored in the database.

 

Callback system refers to the checking system that authenticates the user.

BIOMETRIC DEVICES

Fingerprint Recognition

In order to prevent fake fingers from being used, many

biometrics fingerprint systems also measure blood flow, or check for correctly arrayed ridges at the edges of the

fingers.

Facial Recognition

Facial recognition analyses the characteristics of an individual's face images captured through a digital video camera. Facial recognition is widely used, touted as a fantastic system for recognising potential threats

(whether terrorists, scam artists, or known criminals).

Hand Geometry Scanning

Hand scanning involves the measurement and analysis

of the shape of one's hand.

 

Unlike fingerprints, the human hand isn't unique.

Individual hand features are not descriptive enough for

identification.

 

It is possible to devise a method by combining various individual features and measurements of fingers and hands for verification purposes.

Iris Scanning

Iris scanning analyses the features that exist in the

coloured tissues surrounding the pupil which has more than 200 points that can be used for comparison, including rings, furrows and freckles.

The scans use a regular video camera and can be done from further away than a retinal scan.It will work perfectly fine through glasses and in fact has the ability to create an accurate enough measurement that it can be used for identification purposes.

 

The accuracy of this method is excellent while the cost involved is high.

Retinal Scanning

Retinal biometrics involves the scanning of retina and analysing the layer of blood vessels at the back of the eye.

Retinal scanning involves using a low-intensity light source and an optical coupler and can read the patterns at a great level of accuracy.

 

Retina scanning requires the user to remove glasses, place their eye close to the device, and focus on a certain point. Whether the accuracy can outweigh the public discomfort is yet to be seen.

 

The accuracy in retinal scanning is very good and the cost involved is fair.

 

Voice Recognition

Voice recognition system compares a person’s live speech with their stored voice pattern.

 

Voice recognition biometrics requires user to speak into a microphone. What he speaks can be his password or an access phrase.

 

Verification time is approximately 5 seconds. To prevent recorded voice

use, most voice recognition devices require the high and low frequencies of the sound to match, which is difficult for many recording instruments to recreate well. Also, some devices generate random number of sequences for

verification.

 

The accuracy in voice recognition is fair and the cost involved is very reasonable.

Signature Verification System

Signature verification system uses special pen and tablet. After pre-processing the signature, several features are extracted.

 

The authenticity of a writer is determined by comparing an input signature to a stored reference set (template) consisting of three signatures.

 

The similarity between an input signature and the reference set is computed using string matching and the similarity value is compared to a threshold.

 

The accuracy in signature verification system is fair and the cost involved is excellent.

CALLBACK SYSTEM

The callback system is commonly used in the bank operation and business transaction.

 

For example, when you book for the taxi service, the operator will ask you to hang up and she will call you back to confirm for the service required.

LESSON 11

VERIFICATIONS

 

VERIFICATION

Verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of a system with respect to a certain formal specification.

 

 

 

 

 

METHODS OF VERIFICATION

There are two methods commonly used in verification, which are user identification and processed object.

 

User identification refers to the process of validating the user.

 

Processed object refers to something the user has such as identification card, security token and cell phone.

 

USER IDENTIFICATION

The examples of validating process using the user identification are:

 

• Key in the user name to log-in to a system and the system will verify whether the user is valid or invalid user
• Show the exam slip to verify that you are the valid candidate for the exam.
• show a passport before departure.

 

PROCESSED OBJECT

The examples of validating process using the processed object are:

• the policeman will check on the driver’s license to identify the valid driver
• employees have to swipe their security card to enter the building
• buy blouses at the mall using a credit card

 

 

LESSON 12

CONTROVERSIAL CONTENT

 

CONTROVERSIAL CONTENT

A controversial content is information that causes disagreement in opinions and may cause the disruption of peace because different people or culture will have different views about the contents.

PORNOGRAPHY

What is pornography? Why is pornography considered “negative” content?

 

Both pictures are very cute pictures of innocent babies. Neither can be considered pornographic by normal standards.

 

DEFINITION OF PORNOGRAPHY

The definition of pornography is any form of media or material (like books or photographs) that depicts erotic behaviour and is intended to cause sexual excitement.

 

Pornography tends to exploit men, women and children in a distasteful manner.

 

SLANDER

Slander is another example of controversial content.

 

Slander is a legal term for false and malicious statement (meaning knowing that it is false, or “reckless disregard” that it was false) about someone.

 

Examples :

 

You wrote an e-mail that a fellow classmate was having an affair with a teacher, even though it was not true. You then sent it to five other friends.

 

Ahmad is a muslim. One day, he received a “spam” e-mail stating that his favourite soda drink “Soda Moda” uses non-halal food colouring, but he does not know if the source of the content is credible or true. He decides to forward the e-mail to 50 of his friends.

 

Chin Wei spreads a rumour that a Government Minister is receiving bribes from an enemy government.

 

LESSON 13

INTERNET FILTERING

It is our responsibility to ensure that the teenagers are protected from these corruptions of the mind by filtering access to the Internet.Internet filtering is a process that prevents or blocks access to certain materials on the Internet.

 

It is our responsibility to ensure that the teenagers are protected from

these corruptions of the mind by filtering access to the Internet.

 

What is Internet filtering?

Internet filtering is a process that prevents or blocks access to certain

materials on the Internet. Filtering is most commonly used to prevent

children from accessing inappropriate material and to keep employees

productive on the Internet.

 

SITE BLOCKING

• software company maintains a list of ‘dubious Internet sites’
• the software prevents access to any sites on this list
• ‘denial lists’ regularly updated
• some software provides control over what categories of information you block
• Who decides what goes on the ‘denial list’ and what criteria are they using?
• can you keep track of the whole of the Internet?
• filters can use both site blocking and word blocking

 

WEB RATING SYSTEMS

Web sites are rated in terms of nudity, sex, violence and language. The Recreational Software Advisory Council (RSACI) is responsible for the rating of the websites on the content on the internet.

 

· ratings done either by the web page author or by the independent bureau.

· browsers set to only accept pages with certain levels of ratings.

 

LESSON 14

CYBER LAW

What is Cyber Law?

Cyber law refers to any laws relating to protecting the Internet and other online communication technologies.

 

NEEDS FOR CYBER LAW

In the recent years, many concerns and issues were raised on the integrity and security of information, legal status of online transactions, privacy and confidentiality of information, intellectual property rights and security of

government data placed on the Internet.

 

These concerns and issues clearly indicate why cyber laws are needed in online activities.

 

TELEMEDICINE ACT 1997

The Telemedicine Act 1997 ensures that only qualified medical practitioners can practice telemedicine and that their patient's rights and interests are protected.

 

These act provides the future development and delivery of healthcare in Malaysia.

 

LESSON 15

COMPUTER CRIMES

COMPUTER CRIMES

A computer crime is defined as any criminal activity that is related to the use of computers. These activities include computer fraud, copyright infringement, computer theft and computer attack.

COMPUTER FRAUD

Computer fraud is defined as having an intention to take advantage over or causing loss to other people, mainly on monetary basis through the use of computers.

 

There are many forms of computer fraud which include e-mail hoaxes, programme fraud, investment schemes, sales promotions and claims of expertise on certain fields.

Students need to be aware of other computer frauds such as health frauds, scams and hacking. Students will also most likely get false information while researching information on the Internet.

 

COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT

Copyright infringement is defined as a violation of the rights secured by a copyright. Copyright infringement involves illegal copy or reproduction of copyrights material by the black market group. The open commercial sale of pirated item is also illegal.

 

With the current technology, the most perfect copy of the original copy can be downloaded from the internet.

 

COMPUTER THEFT

Computer theft is defined as the unauthorised use of another person’s property with the intention to deny the owner the rightful possession of that property or its use.

 

Examples of computer theft include:

 

· transfer of payments to the wrong accounts

· tap into data transmission lines on database at no cost

· divert goods to the wrong destination

 

COMPUTER ATTACK

Computer attack may be defined as any activities taken to disrupt the equipment of computer systems, change processing control or corrupt stored data.

 

Computer attack can be in the forms of:

 

· physical attack that disrupt the computer facility or its transmission lines.

· an electronic attack that uses the power of electromagnetic energy to overload computer circuitry.

· a computer network attack that uses a malicious code to exploit a weakness in software, or in the computer security practices of a computer user

 

INTRODUCTION

TO INFORMATION AND

 COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

LESSON 1

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

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