Essay and Critical Thinking Questions. 1. Define and distinguish between youth and adulthood.

Comprehension and Application Essay Questions

We recommend that you follow either our guidelines for "Answering Essay and Critical Thinking Questions," or those provided by your instructor, when preparing your response to these questions. Your answers to these kinds of questions demonstrate an ability to comprehend and apply ideas discussed in this chapter.

 

1. Define and distinguish between youth and adulthood.

2. Define burnout, and explain whether college students experience burnout.

3. Is young adulthood better characterized as a period of health-improving lifestyles or health-impairing lifestyles?

4. What advice would you offer to someone who is considering a weight-loss program?

5. Illustrate the concepts of addiction, withdrawal, psychological dependence, and recovery for any problem other than alcoholism.

6. Define and distinguish between attitudes and behavior, and provide at least one example of each sexual attitudes and behavior, heterosexual attitudes and behavior, and homosexual attitudes and behavior.

7. Discuss the extent to which people are honest in what they reveal about their own sexual behavior and history to a potential sexual partner.

8. Give at least three examples of coerced sexual activity, and discuss whether the consequences for the victim are similar or different in each case.

9. Explain whether adolescents and adults think in the same way.

10. Compare and contrast the alternative theories of career development.

11. Develop and describe your own personal career plan.

12. Explain the four stages in the occupational cycle, and evaluate whether the concept of occupational cycle applies equally well to men and women.

13. Summarize the current knowledge about women and work.

14. What factors would encourage and discourage you from entering into a dual-career marriage?

 

 

С hapter 15 Socioemotional Development in Early Adulthood

Summary

 

1.0 Images of Life-Span Development: Edith, Phil, and Sherry Searching for Love

 

The vignette about Edith and Phil depicts the importance of relationships to individual in early adulthood and how sortie will go to extremes to preserve a relationship. The story about Sherry indicates that there are more women than men in various age brackets. In addition to a numbers gap, there may be a quality gap in which women increasingly have outgrown men emotionally,

 

2.0 Attraction, Love, and Close Relationships

 

What Attracts Us to Others in the First Place? Intimacy becomes the theme of social interactions in early adulthood. Familiarity precedes a close relationship. We like to associate with individuals who are similar to us. Consensual validation is one explanation why individuals are attracted to those who are similar to them.

 

The Faces of Love. Berscheid postulated four forms romantic (passionate) love, and affectionate (companionate) love. Friends and lovers have similar and dissimilar characteristics. For example, friendships are marked by enjoyment, acceptance, mutual trust, respect, confiding, understanding, and spontaneity. Romantic love (Eros) is more absorbing, more exclusive, and has strong sexual and infatuation components. It is the reason most people get married, although it mixes positive and negative emotions. Affectionate love lacks passion but is filled with deep concern and affection over a long period of time. Sternberg offers a triangular theory of love that includes the components of passion, intimacy, and commitment. Combinations of these components may produce infatuation, companionate love, fatuous iove₉ and consummate love.

 

Loneliness. When intimacy is not developed, loneliness may arise, Gender, attachment history, self-esteem, and social skills, are all related to the experience of loneliness. Loneliness often arises during the transition to college. Improving social contacts and engaging in activities that can be done alone are positive actions that help overcome feelings of loneliness.

 

3.0 Marriage and the Family

 

The Family Life Cycle. Six stages typify the family life cycle: (a) leaving home and becoming a single adult, (b) joining of families through marriage—the new couple, (c) becoming parents and families with children, (d) the family with adolescents, (e) midlife families, and (f) the family in later life.

 

Trends in Marriage. Although adults are remaining single longer, marriage remains the most popular lifestyle choice for most adults. The age at which individuals marry, expectations about what the marriage will be like, and the developmental course of marriage may not only vary across historical time within a culture, but also across cultures.

 

Marital Expectations and Myths. The factor most responsible for unhealthy marriages is unmet expectations. Satisfaction is higher among those who do not hold to the myths of marriage and have realistic expectations about the marriage relationship.

 

Gender, Intimacy, and Family Work in Marriage. In the marriage relationship, women tend to be more expressive and affectionate than men. Men have a difficult time sharing their emotions, an inequity that bothers many women. In addition to gender differences in intimacy, there are gender differences in family work. Men also do less family work than women and usually engage in infrequent, irregular, and nonroutine tasks. The wives do the unrelenting, repetitive, and routine tasks. Family work is intertwined with love and embedded in family relations, and thereby has complex and contradictory meanings for women.  

 

The Parental Role. The parental role is planned and coordinated for some, but for others it is surprising and chaotic. Myths about parenting abound such as the myth that a child will save a failing marriage. Families are becoming smaller, and career decisions often lead women to delaying childbirth. There are advantages and disadvantages to having children either early or later in adulthood.

 

4.0 The Diversity of Adult Life-Styles

 

Although many individuals marry, other increasingly common life styles include remaining single, divorcing, and single parenting.

 

Single Adults. The number of individuals choosing to remain single increased dramatically in the 1970s and is still on the rise. Myths and stereotypes about the swinging single and the desperately lonely adult abound. Most singles cherish their freedom while they learn to overcome the pressures of a marriage-oriented society. Societal pressure forces most individuals to deal with issues of intimacy, loneliness, and marriage by the age of 30.

 

Divorced Adults. Divorce has increased dramatically, although its rate of increase has begun to stew. Divorce is a complex emotional struggle that leaves men and women to deal with numerous psychological issues before they achieve some stability in their behavior and life after several years. Women may need to establish themselves as individuals for the first time, and may suffer from a lad of emotional support, difficulties establishing relationships with their children, and a loss of finance Men do not go through a divorce unscathed either.

 

5.0 Intimacy, Independence, and Gender

 

Intimacy. While individuals in early adulthood are busy with establishing intimate relationships, they are also balancing their needs of independence. Erikson argues that intimacy versus isolation is the sixth stage of the eight-stage life cycle characteristic of early adulthood. One classification by Orlofsky indicates that there are five styles of intimate relationships: intimate style, preintimate style, stereotyped style, pseudointimate style, and isolated style. A model of mature relationships by White suggests that individuals move through three levels: self-focused, role-focused, and individuated-connected.

 

Intimacy and Independence. There is a delicate balance between intimacy and commitment on the one hand, and independence and freedom on the other. These themes are revisited throughout the adult years.           

 

Women's Development. Men's Development, and Gender, Women are especially concerned about the simultaneous need for separateness and emotional connectedness. Feminist scholars now argue for a new perspective in the study of intimacy that focuses oh women's experience and development. Women often interact with others in ways that foster the other person's emotional, intellectual, and social development. There is a special emphasis on staying emotionally connected to significant others while developing a stronger sense of self-determination. The men's movement involves several different themes. One belief is that today's males are too soft and another belief is that males need to be more sensitive and less violent.

 

6 .0 Continuity and Discontinuity from Childhood to Adulthood

 

There is greater continuity in personality when measures are nearer rather than more distant in time Development in the early adulthood period and into middle and later adulthood is most likely a Combination of early experiences and the context in which adults are currently experiencing. The first five years are not as powerful as Freud believed in determining an adult's persona.

 

7.0. Contemporary Concerns

 

Socioculttiral Worlds of Development 15J: Marriage Around the World. The valued characteristics of marriage partners varies around the world. Some cultures demand chastity whereas others disregard its importance. Similarly, domesticity is valued by some, but hot other cultures. Religion is more commonly regarded as important by many cultures. In some cultures, individuals marry early, and in others late.

 

Perspectives on Parenting and Education 15.1: Exploring the Mother's and Father's Roles. Although the term motherhood may be associated with many positive images, our society typically stereotypes mothers as the single cause of problems in children's development. Fatherhood has undergone prominent changes throughout the history of the United States: (a) moral teachers, (b) breadwinner, (c) gender role model, and (d) active and nurturing caretaker.

 

Life-Span Practical Knowledge 15.1: Getting the Love You Want. This book is for couples who want to improve their relationship. It presents a 10-week in-home workshop that is especially helpful to individuals in a conflicted relationship.

 

Life-Span Practical Knowledge 15.2: You Just Don't Understand. Deborah Tannen argues that women and men miscommunicate. Females are more comfortable with rapport talk, a way of establishing connections and negotiating a relationship. Males are more comfortable with report talk, public talking and conveying information. This book can help men and women understand each other's communication styles.

 

Life-Span Practical Knowledge 15.3: How to Deal with Your Parents. Lynn Osterkamp is an expert on family conflict who has written a book to help adult children improve their relationships with their parents. It presents both personal accounts and strategies for improving communication and resolving conflict with parents.

 

Life-Span Practical Knowledge 15.4: 77ie Dance of Intimacy. Harriet Lerner has written a book for women about women's intimate relationships. Lerner provides insights to understanding why close relationships are problematic and how to change them in positive ways, but does not present quick-fix solutions.

 

Life-Span Practical Knowledge 15.5: Tlie Mismeasure of Women. This book by Carol Tavris explores the stereotyping of women and gender similarities and differences. This book explores the myths and misunderstandings about women and provides insights about the nature of women and how women and men relate to each other.

 

Life-Span Health and Well-Being: Reducing Loneliness. Although everyone experiences loneliness, some people experience intense feelings of loneliness over long periods of time. One strategy for combatting loneliness entails engaging in activities that involve interactions with others or enhancing one's social network.

 

Key terms

1.0 images of Life-Span Development: Edith, Phil, and Sherry Searching for Love

great man shortage

 

2.0 Attraction, Love, and Close Relationships

 proximity

consensual validation

friendship romantic love

affectionate love triangular

theory of love infatuation (безрассудная страсть, одержимость)

companionate love

fatuous love

consummate love

loneliness

 

3.0 Marriage and the Family

family life cycle

leaving home and becoming a single adult

launching

new couple

becoming parents and families with children

family with adolescents

family at midlife

family in later life

marital myths

family work

 

4.0 The Diversity of Adult Life-Styles

divorce

social script

 

5.0 Intimacy, Independence, and Gender

intimacy versus isolation

intimate style

preintimate style

stereotyped style

pseudointimate style

isolated style

self-focused level

role-focused level

individuated-connected level

 

6.0 Continuity and Discontinuity from Childhood to Adulthood

infant determinism

contextual approach

 

7.0 Contemporary Concerns

 chastity

domesticity

motherhood

fatherhood

social network

rapport talk

report talk

 

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