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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
UNIT 1 THE UNITED KINGDOMСтр 1 из 9Следующая ⇒
UNIT 1 THE UNITED KINGDOM Using your background knowledge, answer the following questions: 1. What isles is the United Kingdom located on? 2. How many countries does the UK consist of? What are these countries?
1. Read the following words and remember their pronunciation: area ['eə riə ], canal [kə 'næ l], manufacture [mæ nju'fæ kt∫ ə ], European [ֽ juə rə 'pi: ə n], Edinburgh ['edinbə rə ], Hebrides ['hebrə di: z], Irish ['airi∫ ], Ireland ['aiə lə nd], minority [mai'nɒ rə ti], anthem ['æ nθ ə m], choir [kwaiə ], throughout [θ ru'aut], castle [ka: sl], conquer [kɒ ŋ kə ], moor [muə ], county ['kaunti], myth [miθ ] 2. Read the following text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type. ENGLAND
1. Historically England proper is divided into the following economic regions: The South Industrial and Agricultural region (the South of England), Central England or the Midlands, Lancashire, Yorkshire and Northern England. 2. Nearly half of England's 47 million population lives in the south of England and most of the people live in London and the area around London, since that is where most of the jobs are based. 3. The port of Bristol became rich in the nineteenth century by importing sugar, rum and tobacco and also by exporting slaves. It is still a rich city and is now the centre of the aviation industry. Rolls Royce makes aeroplane engines just outside Bristol. 4. The Roman town of Bath is near Bristol. Bath was settled by the Romans because of its natural hot spring, the only one in Britain. They built a temple to the goddess Minerva in front of the spring. In the eighteenth century, the town became popular with the royal family and the aristocracy. They came to bathe in the hot spring, drink the spa water from the fountain and socialize with their upper-class friends. 5. The south-western tip of Britain, or the West Country, is the only region in Britain with an increasing population of both young and old. It has the country's mildest weather and is the most popular tourist area in the United Kingdom for British people. Holiday resorts in the counties of Devon and Cornwall often have palm trees growing on the sea front. St Ives, a Cornish fishing village, has always attracted painters and in 1993 a new modern art gallery was opened. 6. The Industrial Revolution began in the Midlands. The Midlands and the North of England became the centre of the iron and steel industries. Newcastle became known for its shipbuilding and Birmingham became known for making cars. 7. Now there is no shipbuilding in Newcastle and there is only one major car company in Birmingham. Many towns in the Midlands and the North of England have high unemployment rates. 8. There are now only 16 coal mines in Britain and they are mostly near Nottingham. Britain used to have over 160 pits only ten years ago. 9. Wool has been associated with Yorkshire for centuries. Until the fifteenth century, wool from the North of England was sent to Flanders to be made into cloth. By the sixteenth century, the towns of Leeds and Bradford were themselves becoming important centres for wool and goods made from wool. 10. During the nineteenth century, Manchester became a very important centre for the production of cotton. It was even known as " Cottonopolis". Raw cotton came from the USA to the port of Liverpool, on the north-west coast. The cotton was transported by canal (after 1789) or by train (after 1830) to the nearby city of Manchester, where cotton goods were manufactured. They were then exported to the rest of the world. 11. Many foreign companies have opened factories in Britain. The Japanese car company Nissan opened a car factory near Sunderland in 1986. During 1993, Nissan became Britain's biggest car exporter sending 182, 207 vehicles to 36 countries in the world. Toyota and Honda also have their main European factories in Britain. The Korean electronics company Samsung opened a factory in Sunderland in 1995. The foreign companies give jobs to many local people. All major car manufacturers in Britain are owned by foreign companies. Rover is owned by the German company, BMW.
Comprehension check SCOTLAND 1. Scotland has not always been a part of the United Kingdom. The Scottish people had their own royal family and fought the English for centuries. In 1603, King James VI of Scotland became King James I of England and Scotland. He moved to London and this ended Scottish independence. 2. In 1707, Scotland formally became part of the UK when the government of Scotland moved to Westminster, in London. Scotland managed to keep its own legal and education systems. Scotland still has different marriage laws to England. Young couples in England must have their parents' consent to get married if they are under 18, but in Scotland they can get married at the age of 16 without their parents' consent. 3. Today, about 21 per cent of Scottish people want Scotland to be completely independent. This means that they want Scotland to have its own parliament and to have its own representatives in the European Parliament. 4. Many Scottish names begin with " Mac" or " Me", which means " son of". So the name " McDonald" means " son of Donald". Each clan or family name has its own tartan. The tartan is a checked cloth used to make the kilt, Scotland's national costume. Most people only wear their tartans for special occasions, like weddings and Burns' Night. 5. Most of Scotland's 5 million population lives in Edinburgh, Glasgow or Aberdeen, where most of the jobs are. Scotland's traditional industries such as coal, steel and shipbuilding have declined, but the government has invested a lot of money in Scotland to develop it as an important European centre for computer production. Many of the large American and Japanese electronics companies have set up factories in southern Scotland and there are now many smaller Scottish companies which specialize in computer equipment. People have even started to call the area " Silicon Glen" (Glen is the Scottish word for valley). However, most of the high-technology parts such as chips and disk drives are still imported. 6. North of Edinburgh and Glasgow are the Highlands of Scotland: mountains with few trees, many sheep, wild deer and golden eagles. The Highlanders, the original people of the area, were removed by force by the English after their defeat at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. Many emigrated to America and Canada. Even today, few people live in the Highlands. Most of them are farmers, although there is also a lot of forestry and fishing. Large areas of the Highlands are kept by rich people for salmon-fishing and deer-hunting. Most Scotch whiskies are also made in the Highlands. 7. The Inner and Outer Hebrides are remote islands with small fishing and farming communities. Some of the people still speak Gaelic, the ancient Celtic language of Scotland.
Note to the text Battle of Culloden – Каллоденская битва (1746 г.; разгром якобинского восстания в Шотландии)
Comprehension check WALES
1. Wales has a very strong Celtic culture. Other Celtic languages have mainly disappeared, but the Welsh language has been in daily use for centuries. It is estimated that 80 per cent of the population spoke Welsh during the first quarter of the nineteenth century. Various factors then reduced the number of Welsh speakers: many English and Irish workers moved to South Wales during the nineteenth century; people moved to the cities where less Welsh was spoken; children were punished if they spoke Welsh at school. 2. In recent years, however, there has been a revival of interest in Welsh. It is now spoken as a first language by more than 20 per cent of the population.
It is used as a first language in an increasing number of schools and it is studied as a second language in all other schools in Wales. 3. Welsh is recognized as a minority language by the EU and Wales receives money to make sure its language stays alive. There are television and radio stations with Welsh-language programmes, even soaps. 4. The Welsh have been famous for their singing for centuries. On his travels around Wales in the twelfth century, Giraldus Cambrensis wrote " in a crowd of singers... you will hear as many melodies as you see mouths". This tradition carries on today. If you go to any Welsh rugby match, you will hear supporters singing in harmony. Male-voice choirs are found throughout Wales and many Welsh people have become famous opera singers. 5. The reputation of Wales as a centre for music attracts musicians from all over the world to its various festivals: 40 countries take part in the International Music Eisteddfod each year, while the largest music festival in Wales, the National Eisteddfod, has performers from every Celtic country, including Scotland, Ireland, France and Spain. 6. Wales has not always been a part of Great Britain. Between the ninth and the eleventh century, Wales was divided into small states. In the thirteenth century, Llewelyn ap lorwerth united the country and his son was crowned the first Prince of Wales. Welsh independence didn't last long. Later that century, the English king, Edward 1, decided to conquer Wales. The Welsh surrendered and Edward I of England gave the title of Prince of Wales to his own heir, Edward II. Since then the eldest son of the English king or queen has always been given the title " The Prince of Wales" and this is why Wales is called " Principality". 7. Wales is famous for its castles. They were built by the Romans and the English to dominate the Welsh. There are so many of these medieval castles that they stretch like an iron chain across Wales. Perhaps the most impressive castle in Wales is Caerphilly. This immense fortress dating from 1268 is one of the greatest surviving castles of the medieval western world. 8. Many people go to Wales on holiday. It is famous for its mountains, which stretch from North to South Wales, its beautiful valleys and its national parks. You can go canal boating on the beautiful Llangollen Canal in the North; pony-trekking in the Snowdonia National Park; canoeing in the fast-flowing rivers and hiking in the hills. Most of its coastline is protected and has not been spoilt by tourism or industry.
Comprehension check 14. Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false according to the text “Wales”. Correct the false statement. For example: NORTHERN IRELAND
Note to the text The Troubles – Тревожные годы (1919-1924); Гражданская война в Ирландии; партизанская война против английского господства и вооруженная борьба между Ирландской республиканской армией (Irish Republican Army) и сторонниками соглашения с Великобританией
Comprehension check
19. Answer the following questions: 1. What caused the problems between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland? 2. When did Ireland become a British colony? 3. How many counties made up Northern Ireland? 4. Why were British Soldiers sent to Northern Ireland in 1969? 5. What period in Northern Ireland’s history is known as the Troubles? 6. What are the Irish known for?
20. Find in the text “Northern Ireland” the English equivalents for the following Russian words and expressions: Английские правители; завоёвывать (покорять); сопротивляться; сопротивление; отказались присоединиться; сильный и яростный; “Кровавое воскресенье; Тревожные годы; страна гор; большинство людей.
21. Which parts of the text “Northern Ireland” correspond to the following headings? Put them into logical order. 1. The Troubles. 2. Conquering Ireland. 3. Northern Ireland – a part of the UK. 4. Struggle for their rights.
PLAY-ROLE a) You have been to the UK. Your friends want you to tell them about your trip. Tell them about that country. Use Speech Patterns Speech Patterns First of all I would like to note …Прежде всего мне бы хотелось отметить … Next …Потом/затем … Further I …Далее я … Moreover … Более того … In my view … С моей точки зрения … I ’ d like to add that … Я бы хотел (а) добавить, что … Certainly… Конечно … In conclusion … В заключение … b) The group of English students arrived in Russia. You, as a guide, met them at the airport. They want to know about your country. Tell them about Russia. Use speech patterns given above.
LONDON 1. London is used to be a Roman town. The Romans built a city a square mile in size, surrounded it with a wall and called it Londinium. The original site of London is now called the City of London and is Britain’s main financial centre. 2. The City is only a very small part of London. In the eleventh century, London began to expand beyond the City walls when a huge abbey at Westminster was built. Even today, Westminster Abbey and the Houses of Parliament, as well as all the shops, café s, theatres and cinemas of the West End, are in the City of Westminster and not in the City of London. 3. The saying “When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life! ” is a cliché, but you can’t be bored in London. There are hundreds of historic buildings, galleries and museums. There are parks and street markets, over 80 theatres and even more cinemas. 4. If you want to discover London, it is best to start with a tour on a sightseeing bus. It’s also fun to go on a guided walk. The walks last up to three hours and have special themes, such as “Royal London – Palaces and People”, “The Beatles London – Rock Routes of the Sixties”. 5. The centre of London has many different areas. Each one has its own special character. Covent Garden in London’s West End, is crowded with café s, clubs and clothes shops. Soho is also known for its clubs. Knightsbridge has a lot of exclusive and expensive shops, as well as many of the embassies. Fleet Street is the home of the Law Courts. One part of the West End has so many Chinese shops and restaurants that it is called Chinatown. 6. When you go outside the centre you find many areas which used to be small villages. The villages became part of the city when the city expanded, but they still managed to keep their village character. 7. Some visitors say that London is an expensive city, but there are a few things to do which do not cost a lot of money. Most museums are free and give free guided tours as well as lectures. 8. The Royal Festival Hall on the South Bank of the River Thames has free music in the foyer every lunchtime. The National Theatre also has free concerts in the foyer every evening and on Saturday lunchtimes. Some cinemas are cheaper on Mondays; others sell half-price tickets before 6 pm. 9. There are many museums and galleries in London. Some are traditional museums, but many are now making their exhibitions interactive, to encourage people to touch and understand what is on display. At the Science Museum, visitors can carry out experiments. At the National Gallery, the country’s main art gallery, visitors can call up paintings on computer screens, find out about them and then print out a plan with their location indicated. 10. London used to be a very busy port, but the docks all closed in the 1960s when ships became too big to sail up the River Thames. The docks were redeveloped, but not many people want to live or work in the Docklands yet because transport links are bad. The Canary Wharf Tower is the tallest building in England.
Comprehension check 3. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the City of London? 2. What places of interest can tourists visit in London? 3. What areas are there in London? What are they interested with?
4. Match the following English words and expressions with their Russian equivalents:
CARDIFF 1. Cardiff, the capital of Wales, with the population of 320 900 inhabitants, is its political, educational, cultural, and industrial centre. The city is located near the mouth of the river Taff, which flows into the British Channel, in South-eastern Wales. 2. The Romans built a fort there in A.D.75, but the town itself was only established with the arrival of the Normans in the eleventh century. By the third and fourth centuries there had been built a massive stone wall around fort. Traces of this wall can still be seen at various parts of the modern city. By the late 4th century when Roman forces withdrew from Britain the fort was probably abandoned. Only with the coming of Normans about 700 years later did there reappear signs of occupation. Although Cardiff is an ancient town it did not expand greatly until the 19th century. Later its growth declined once more. Its population was small into the early 19th century, but by the early 20th century Cardiff had become the largest coal-exporting port in the world. Cardiff is very well placed to develop a most vigorous export trade in coal. It rose to importance with coal mining and iron industries. Though the coal trade ceased in the 1960s, the city remains the largest in Wales and principal commercial centre. 3. Today the cargoes it handles are mainly imports, to be distributed throughout South Wales. On imported grain flour milling developed as well as other food processing. Engineering in Cardiff includes ship-repairing and making of railway wagons, oil engines, vehicles and electric gear. It is also known for a great range of light industry. Cardiff has a modern shopping centre. 4. The University of Wales, founded in 1893, is situated in Cardiff. Wales’ capital, Cardiff, is probably one of the Britain’s best-kept secrets. In the heart of the city stands the 1900 year-old castle, sumptuously renovated in the 19th century. Here too are Victorian arcades lined with tiny shops, a lively covered market and a lot of pubs, restaurants and theatres, as well as National Museum of Wales, a huge museum which covers the history of the country.
Comprehension check 8. Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false according to the text “Cardiff”. Correct the false statement. 1. The town of Cardiff was set up in the eleventh century. 2. By the nineteenth century Cardiff had become the capital of the UK. 3. Cardiff is a port. 4. You can find a lot of small shops, markets, museums in the capital of Wales.
9. Find in the text “Cardiff” equivalents for the following Russian words and expressions: жители, отозвали войска, появились признаки оккупации, приостановили торговлю, мукомольное производство, переработка продуктов питания, двигатели для нефтяной промышленности, хранитель секретов, крепость, дает сведения по истории страны, электропривод.
EDINBURGH 1. Edinburgh the capital of Scotland is the centre of Scottish culture, commerce, education, the site of the Scots national parliament. Its population is 448 900 inhabitants. 2. Located in southeastern Scotland, the original burgh, now known as Old Town, arose in the eleventh century, around Edinburgh Castle, the royal residence of Malcolm III MacDuncan. In 1329 Robert Bruce granted Edinburgh a town charter, it became the capital of Scottish Kingdom in 1437. The city was destroyed in 1544 in the border wars with England; its characteristic use of stone architecture began with this rebuilding. The 18th century saw a cultural and intellectual renaissance in Scotland. Edinburgh was home to such luminaries as David Hume, Adam Smith, Robert Burns and Walter Scott. It was the birthplace of the Encyclopedia Britannica (1768). The city expanded in the late 18th century with the development of Georgian-style New Town, separated from the Old Town by a valley. 3. Now, Edinburgh is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, full of historical monuments of great interest. It is home to the University of Edinburgh, which was founded in 1582, National Library, National Gallery, and Royal Scottish Museum. 4. The dominating feature of the city is the Castle, standing high on a steep rock. It is in the royal apartments of the Castle that the son of Mary Queen the Scots, the future King James I, was born. Every citizen in Edinburgh checks his watch by the One O’Clock Gun which is fired every day in Edinburgh Castle. 5. The Royal Palace of Hollyrood House is the official residence of the present queen of England, Elizabeth II. When she comes on a visit to Scotland, she stays in this palace. 6. The main shopping area is Prince Street and it is also the finest street in the capital. In the gardens on its south side stands the monument to Walter Scott, the famous writer of historical novels. Beyond the Scott monument, at the foot of the Castle, is the National Gallery of Scotland. 7. Edinburgh is also an important centre of cultural life. Every year, in late August and early September, it produces a festival of music and drama which is famous all over the world. 8. The Scottish capital has become the outstanding centre of tourism in Scotland. Its picturesque surface features led to its being called “The Athens of the North”. 9. Edinburgh is famous for rubber manufacturing and engineering and also for its biscuit industry.
Comprehension check 13. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the Edinburgh Castle famous for? 2. What places of interest can tourist visit in this city? 3. What branches of industry are developing in the capital of Scotland?
14. Match the following English words and expressions with their Russian equivalents:
15. Have another look atthe text “Edinburgh” and pay attention to the historical dates and proper names. Tell what these dates and names mean in the history of Edinburgh . 16. Which parts of the text “Edinburgh” correspond to the following headings? Put them into logical order. 1. Edinburgh – the centre of cultural life. 2. The cultural and intellectual renaissance of the city. 3. The Edinburgh Castle.
17. Use the structural pattern built in task 16, add 1 – 3 sentences to illustrate each heading. Use the phrases given above (See Unit 1). 18. Read the following text and translate the sentences in bold type into Russian in writing BELFAST 1. Belfast is the district, seaport and capital of Northern Ireland, with the population of 297 000 inhabitants. It is Northern Ireland’s political, educational, commercial and cultural centre. 2. Situated on the River Lagan, the site was occupied in the Stone and Bronze ages, and the remains of Iron age forts can still be seen. Belfast’s modern history began in the early 17th century when Sir Arthur Chichester developed a plan for colonizing the area with English and Scottish settlers. Having survived the Irish insurrection of 1641, the town grew in economic importance especially after a large immigration of French Huguenots. They arrived there after the rescinding of the Edict Nantes (1685) and strengthened the linen trade. The town became a centre of Irish Protestantism, setting the stage for sectarian conflict in the 19th- 20th century. The latest conflicts broke out in the 1960s and continued into the 1990s. A provisional peace agreement was reached in 1998. 3. Belfast is beautifully situated. Lying in a broad natural amphitheatre, gracefully surrounded by hills, and looking down a deep inlet of the sea, Belfast has rich variety and offers many pleasant surprises. The centre of the city is built like Amsterdam on piles driven into mud. The broad roads that radiate from the centre bring us out to the suburban districts on the hillsides or by the sea or the valley of the River Lagan. 4. Belfast is a modern city, a city of the 19th century and of the industrial revolution. Its expansion was rather later than that of most other British industrial cities. There are a few Georgian buildings, but the mass of the city’s buildings are late Victorian or belong to the 20th century. The City Hall in Donegall Square is one of the chief Landmarks. The huge Law Courts, the Protestant Cathedral (Church of Ireland), the handsome Telephone House, the Albert Memorial clock are worth seeing. 5. The Museum and Art Gallery is rich in modern Irish painting, a fine collection of Irish silverware. Its exhibits give a vivid picture of Ulster history, geography, and animal life. There is a library which includes early Belfast-printed books, a fascinating collection of photographs which record Ulster life half a century ago and the Horner collection of spinning wheels. The Transport Museum houses one of the finest collections of transport vehicles in Europe. The Botanic Gardens with its conservatory, the tropical greenhouses and rosewalks is one of Belfast’s oldest and most pleasant parks. Behind the conservatory there are the main buildings of the Queen’s University of Belfast, so called because originally it was one of three colleges founded by Queen Victoria. Notes to the text 1. French Huguenots – французские протестанты (гугеноты); последователи Ж.Кальвина во Франции XVI –XVIII века. 2. Edict Nantes (1685) – Нантский эдикт (указ) 1598года издан французским королем Генрихом IV, завершил религиозную войну. Католицизм оставался господствующей религией, но гугенотам предоставилась свобода вероисповедания и богослужения, но это запрещалось в Париже и нескольких городах. Гугеноты получили определенные политические права. Этот эдикт частично был отменен в 1629г., а полностью в 1685г. Людовиком XIV. 3. Georgian – георгианский (относящийся к периоду четырех королей: Георга I (1714-1727), Георга II (1727- 1760), Георга III (1760 -1820), Георга IV (1820 -1830). Comprehension check 19. Answer the following questions: 1. What events caused the conflicts in Belfast? 2. When were the most of the city’s buildings built? 3. What exhibits can anyone see in the city’s museums?
20. Find in the text “Belfast” equivalents for the following Russian words and expressions: окруженный холмами, пережив восстание (мятеж, бунт), после отмены указа, лежащий (расположенный), смотрящий (свысока), названный, основанный, конфликт разразился, ставший причиной (подтолкнувший к), временный договор, пригородные районы, современная живопись, изделия из серебра, прялка. OXFORD Everybody knows Oxford as a University town. But Oxford was an important town even before the University came into existence. It is mentioned in the “Anglo-Saxon Chronicle” of 912 as “Oxenforde”, the ford where oxen could cross the river. The University began to establish itself in the middle of the 12th century, and by 1300 there were already 1, 500 students. At this time Oxford was a wealthy town, but by the middle of the 14th century it was poorer, because of a decline in trade and because of the terrible plague, which killed many people in England. Today, Oxford is not only one of the two oldest university cities of Great Britain where 12, 000 students study, but an industrial and commercial town as well. It is a center of Britain’s motor industry. Oxford is also an important centre in the world of medicine. It is the home of Oxfam (Oxford Famine Relief – Оксфордский комитет помощи голодающим), the charity which raises millions of pounds to help people all over the world. Oxford’s airport contains Europe’s leading air training school. Oxford is also famous for its architecture. PLAY-ROLE a) You have just arrived from the UK. You visited the capital cities of the country. Tell your friends what places of interest you visited. Use the following speech patterns: Speech Patterns First of all I would like to note … Moreover … In my view … I’d like to add that … Certainly… In conclusion … b) Your English friends are going to visit Moscow. Tell them about our capital and what places of interest they can see there. Use the speech patterns given above. c) Your English friends would like to know about your native town/city/village. Tell them about it. It’s interesting to know
The Celts 1. During the period from the 6th to the 3rd century В.С. а people called the Celts spread across Europe from the east to the west. 2. More than one Celtic tribe invaded Britain. From time to time these tribes were attacked and overcome by other Celtic tribes from the Continent. Celtic tribes called the Picts penetrated into the mountains on the North; some Picts as well as tribes of Scots crossed over to Ireland and settled there. Later the Scots returned to the larger island and settled in the North. They came in such large numbers that in time the name of Scotland was given to that country. Powerful Celtic tribes, the Britons, held most of the country, and the southern half of the island was named Britain after them. Today the words " Briton" and " British" refer to the people of the whole of the British Isles. 3. The Greeks were the first to mention the British Isles. The earliest writer from whom we have learned much about the country and its inhabitants was Julius Caesar, the famous Roman general, statesman and writer. In his Commentaries on the Gallic War, he describes the island and the Celts against whom he fought. He tells us that the Celts were tall and blue-eyed. They wore long moustaches but no beards. In their mode of life the British Celts differed little from the Celtic tribes who lived on the Continent. In the 1st century В. С. they lived in tribes, and were ruled by chiefs. The chiefs were military leaders and some of them were very powerful. The military leaders of the largest tribes were sometimes called kings. 4. The Celts had no towns; they lived in villages. They were acquainted with the use of copper, tin and iron and they kept large herds of cattle and sheep which formed their chief wealth. They also cultivated crops, especially corn. The Celtic tribes of the Britons who inhabited the south-eastern parts of the island were more civilized than the other tribes. Their clothing was made of wool, while the other Celts wore skins. 5. Some of the Celtic tribes were quite large and fighting was common among them. The Celts worshipped Nature. They imagined the sky, the sun, the moon, the earth and the sea, to be ruled by beings like themselves, but much more powerful. They also believed in many nameless spirits who lived in the rivers, lakes, mountains and thick forests. They sacrificed not only animals, but also human beings to their gods. They were taught by priests called druids. The druids lived near groves of oak-trees which were considered to be sacred places. The druids were very important and powerful, sometimes, more powerful than the chiefs. The Celts believed in their magic power. The druids were also teachers and doctors for they were wiser than the other tribesmen. Wise women were also considered to be very important. There were women prophets, and women warriors who trained young men in arms; some women were made tribal chiefs and called queens. 6. To this day the descendants of the ancient Celts live on the territory of the British Isles. The Welsh who live in Wales are of Celtic origin. They speak Welsh, a Celtic tongue. In the highlands of Scotland and in the western parts of Ireland the people speak a tongue of Celtic origin too.
Notes to the text 1. Celts – племена, выходцы из центральной Европы. 2. Picts – пикты (группа кельтских племён), населявших Шотландию. В середине IX века завоеваны скоттами (кельтское племя, переселившееся в VI веке из Ирландии на территорию нынешней Шотландии) и смешались с ними. 3. Druid – друид, жрец у древних кельтов.
Comprehension check 3. Answer the following questions: 1. Where did the Celtic tribes come to the British Isles from? 2. Who was the first to mention about the Celts? 3. Did the Celts live in towns or villages? 4. Whom did the Celts call “druids”? 5. Where do the descendants of the ancient Celts live now? 4. Which parts of the text “The Celts” correspond to the following headings? Put them into logical order. 1. The way of life of the Celtic tribes. 2. The Celts religion 3. The first mentioning of the British Isles and its inhabitants. 4. The invasion of Britain by the Celts.
The English 1. Almost every nation has a reputation of some kind. The English are reputed to be cold, reserved, rather haughty people who do not yell in the street, make love in public. They are steady, easy-going and fond of sport. 2. The English are a nation of stay-at-home. There is no place like home, they say. They prefer small houses, built to house one family, perhaps with a small garden. The fire is the focus on the English home. “The Englishman's home is his castle” is a saying known all over the world. And it is true. 3. Englishmen tend to be rather conservative, they love familiar things. They are hostile, or at least bored, when they hear any suggestion that some modification of their habits, or the introduction of something new and unknown into their lives, might be to their advantage. 4. The English sense and feeling for privacy is notorious. England is the land of brick fences and stone walls, of hedges, of thick draperies at all the windows, but nothing is stable now. English people rarely shake hands except when being introduced to someone for the first time. They hardly ever shake hands with their friends except seeing them after a long interval or saying good-bye before a long journey. 5. The English people are prudent and careful about almost everything. Their lawns are closely cropped, their flower beds primly cultivated, and their trees neatly pruned. Everything is orderly. Drinks are carefully measured, seats in a cinema are carefully assigned (even if the theatre is empty you are required to sit in the seat assigned to you), closing hours rigorously observed. 6. A tradition that is rooted not only in their own soul, but in the minds of the rest of the world is the devotion of the English to animals. Animals are protected by law. If, for instance, any one leaves a cat to starve in an empty house while he goes for his holiday, he can be sent to prison. 7. On Sunday mid-mornings most British people indulge in some fairly light activities such as gardening, washing the car or taking the dog for a walk. Another most popular pre-lunch activity consists of a visit to a " pub" – either a walk to the " local", or often nowadays a drive to a more pleasant " country pub" if one lives in a built-up area. The national drink in England is beer, and the " pub", where Englishmen go to drink to, is a peculiarly English institution. 8. Much leisure time is spent in individualistic pursuits, of which the most popular is gardening. Most English people love gardens, their own above all, and this is probably one reason why so many people prefer to live in houses rather than flats. 9. The national character of the English has been very differently described, but most commentators agree over one quality, which they describe as fatuous self-satisfaction, serene sense of superiority, or insular pride. English patriotism is based on a deep sense of security.
Comprehension check 7. Answer the following questions: 1. How can you explain a saying “The Englishman’s home is his castle”? 2. How do the Englishmen spend their leisure time? 3. What reputation has the English people in the world?
8. Match the following English words and expressions with their Russians equivalents:
It’s interesting to know
The Welsh 1. There is no other part of the British Isles where national spirit is stronger, national pride more intense or national traditions more cherished than in Wales. The Welsh still proudly wear their national dress on festive occasions; the Welsh language is taught side by side with English in schools; Welshmen have a highly developed artistic sense. 2. Welsh really began with the Anglo-Saxon victories in the sixth and seventh centuries which isolated the Welsh from the rest of their fellow-Britons. Then came the Normans who penetrated into the south of the country and established many strongholds, in spite of strong resistance organized by the Welsh. Eventually, however, the subjection of the people was completed by Edward I, who built many castles and made his son, afterwards Edward II, the first Prince of Wales. 3. The population of Wales amounts to about three million. The Welsh language is a Celtic branch of the Indo-European languages and some roots are common with them. The Welsh call their country Cymru, and they call themselves Cymry, a word which has the same root as «camrador» (friend or comrade). 4. Have you noticed the number of Welsh place-names that begin with " Llan" - Llanbers, Llandudno, Llangollen, Llanfair? There are hundreds of them in Wales. In the dark days of the early Saxon occupation of England, Christianity still lived on among the Welsh and the first Celtic saints went from place to place teaching the Christian faith, preaching, organizing little groups of believers, and starting centers of worship. These centres were called " llans" (the word is generally translated " church" ), for example, LIandewi was the llan of St. Ddewi (David). Llanfair was the llan of Fair (Mary). 5. Welsh family names are very often Jones, Williams, Morgan, Evans, and Owen. That is why Welsh people in villages often call people by their jobs together with their family names. Then everybody knows which Jones or which Williams they are speaking about. You can understand what Jones the Meat, Williams the Bread and Morgan the Fish do. Many other names come from the tradition of calling " son of" his father using the Welsh word " ap" (or " ab" ). This " p" can be found at the beginning of many common Welsh names. For example, Gary P ritchard, which is the same as the English Richard son. 6. Welsh living in England are often called by the nickname " Taffy". This may come from the River Taff, which runs through the capital Cardiff or it may come from " Daffydd", the Welsh form of " David". 7. The Welsh wear the same clothes as the English. But on holidays a Welsh woman wears a red cloak, a long black skirt, an apron and a high black hat on her head. The men do not have a national costume. They smile, " We have no money after we have bought clothes for our wives! " 8. The Welsh are known in Great Britain for their singing. Welsh people like singing together. Every village has more than one choir. They sing in competitions, on holidays and every time they want to sing. Welshmen sing louder than anybody. They sing very loudly when they are going to a football match in a bus, and they sing in the stadium, of course. 9. Welsh people are very proud of their national language and culture. They are very proud of Wales, too.
Comprehension check 12. Answer the following questions: 1. How do the Welsh people call their country? 2. What is the meaning of the word “Llan”? 3. What branch of the Indo-European languages does the Welsh language belong to? 4. Why do villagers in Wales call people by their job? 5. What is the traditional Welsh dress? The Scots 1. In general the nation of modern Scotland derives from three main racial sources: the Celts, the Scandinavians and the mysterious and shadowy Picts. These Picts were the first inhabitants of what we now call Scotland. They were conquered by the invading Celts from Ireland who, incidentally, were called Scots and from whom the name of the modern nation comes. 2. People who live in Scotland are Scots. They are also called Scottish or Scotsmen. Scotsmen will be rather annoyed if you call them Englishmen. 3. If a man is called Jock MacTarvish, it is clear that he is a Scotsman. A lot of Scottish family names begin with " Mac" or " Mc" – like MacDonald, MacMillian or McHale. And Jock is a popular Scottish name for John or Jack. A lot of people in England call any Scotsman " Jock" even if his name is Peter or David. 4. Every Scotsman belongs to a clan. A clan is a family group. All the people of the same family belong to the same clan. Everybody with the name MacGregor is a member of the MacGregors clan; everybody called Finaly is a member of the Farquharson clan. Sometimes the family name and the name of the clan are different. There are about 300 different clans in Scotland. 5. Each clan has its own special tartan. A tartan may be in different colours. It is used for clothes. By the tartan you can learn which clan the man belongs to. There are more than 300 tartans: some clans have more than one tartan. 6. The Royal Family wore the Stuart tartan because they came from the family of the Stuart kings of Scotland and England. But now, the Queen of Great Britain has another tartan. It is grey with black, red and blue. 7. A Scotsman's traditional clothes are socks, shoes, a kilt, a tie, a jacket and a bonnet. Some people in the north of Scotland wear a kilt every day. But in other parts of the country most Scottish people wear just the same clothes as the English. They put on their traditional clothes only on holidays and wear them with pleasure. 8. Scottish people like to dance very much. They say that they dance better than English people. Glasgow (the biggest city of Scotland) has more dancing schools than any other European city. A lot of people enjoy Scottish dancing. There are dances for groups of people and for one or two people. 9. Scottish people speak English but with their own accent. For example, when a Scotsman uses the word " arm" he says " ar-r-m" so that you can hear the sound. 10. English people say that Scottish people do not like to spend money. Scottish people say that they like spending money on their friends and visitors – not on themselves. 11. People say that Scotsmen work hard: many good doctors and engineers come from Scotland. Scotland is the birthplace of many famous men of literature and science. They are Robert Burns, Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson, Archibald Cronin, James Maxwell, Alexander Fleming.
Comprehension check 17. Answer the following questions: 1. What tribes were the descendants of Scots? 2. Why will Scots be annoyed if you call them Englishmen? 3. What is a clan for every Scotsman? 4. What can you learn by a national dress of a Scotsman? 5. Do the Scottish people enjoy dancing? What kind of dancers do they consider themselves?
18. Find in the text “The Scots” equivalents for the following Russian words and expressions: происходить из (2); принадлежать; носить килт; тратить деньги; завоевывать (покорять); быть раздраженным (раздосадованным); усердно работать; родина знаменитых людей.
Typically Britain Most British people queue when they are waiting for a bus or waiting to be served in a shop. But during the rush hour (час пик), when a bus or train arrives, people often push forward to make sure they get on. This is called jumping the queue. You can ask the police for help, if you are lost. Most British police are friendly, helpful and polite. But the police have been accused of treating people, especially black and Asian people, unfairly. The British love animals so much that there is a Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), but only a National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC). Fox-hunting has been a British tradition for hundreds of years. Specially trained dogs hunt a fox, with men and women following on horseback. The fox is usually killed by the dogs. British people are used to the cold. They use thick curtains and carpets to keep their houses warm. But a lot of British houses are old and arc not well-insulated. British people must pay VAT ( value-added tax – НДС) on all gas and electricity, so heating costs are high. Some people can't afford to heat their homes properly. Every winter about 350 old people die of hypothermia, extreme loss of body heat.
REVIEW Speech Patterns First of all I would like to note … Further I … Moreover … In my view … I’d like to add that … Certainly… In conclusion … It’s interesting to know
UNIT 1 THE UNITED KINGDOM Using your background knowledge, answer the following questions: 1. What isles is the United Kingdom located on? 2. How many countries does the UK consist of? What are these countries?
1. Read the following words and remember their pronunciation: area ['eə riə ], canal [kə 'næ l], manufacture [mæ nju'fæ kt∫ ə ], European [ֽ juə rə 'pi: ə n], Edinburgh ['edinbə rə ], Hebrides ['hebrə di: z], Irish ['airi∫ ], Ireland ['aiə lə nd], minority [mai'nɒ rə ti], anthem ['æ nθ ə m], choir [kwaiə ], throughout [θ ru'aut], castle [ka: sl], conquer [kɒ ŋ kə ], moor [muə ], county ['kaunti], myth [miθ ] 2. Read the following text and write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type. ENGLAND
1. Historically England proper is divided into the following economic regions: The South Industrial and Agricultural region (the South of England), Central England or the Midlands, Lancashire, Yorkshire and Northern England. 2. Nearly half of England's 47 million population lives in the south of England and most of the people live in London and the area around London, since that is where most of the jobs are based. 3. The port of Bristol became rich in the nineteenth century by importing sugar, rum and tobacco and also by exporting slaves. It is still a rich city and is now the centre of the aviation industry. Rolls Royce makes aeroplane engines just outside Bristol. 4. The Roman town of Bath is near Bristol. Bath was settled by the Romans because of its natural hot spring, the only one in Britain. They built a temple to the goddess Minerva in front of the spring. In the eighteenth century, the town became popular with the royal family and the aristocracy. They came to bathe in the hot spring, drink the spa water from the fountain and socialize with their upper-class friends. 5. The south-western tip of Britain, or the West Country, is the only region in Britain with an increasing population of both young and old. It has the country's mildest weather and is the most popular tourist area in the United Kingdom for British people. Holiday resorts in the counties of Devon and Cornwall often have palm trees growing on the sea front. St Ives, a Cornish fishing village, has always attracted painters and in 1993 a new modern art gallery was opened. 6. The Industrial Revolution began in the Midlands. The Midlands and the North of England became the centre of the iron and steel industries. Newcastle became known for its shipbuilding and Birmingham became known for making cars. 7. Now there is no shipbuilding in Newcastle and there is only one major car company in Birmingham. Many towns in the Midlands and the North of England have high unemployment rates. 8. There are now only 16 coal mines in Britain and they are mostly near Nottingham. Britain used to have over 160 pits only ten years ago. 9. Wool has been associated with Yorkshire for centuries. Until the fifteenth century, wool from the North of England was sent to Flanders to be made into cloth. By the sixteenth century, the towns of Leeds and Bradford were themselves becoming important centres for wool and goods made from wool. 10. During the nineteenth century, Manchester became a very important centre for the production of cotton. It was even known as " Cottonopolis". Raw cotton came from the USA to the port of Liverpool, on the north-west coast. The cotton was transported by canal (after 1789) or by train (after 1830) to the nearby city of Manchester, where cotton goods were manufactured. They were then exported to the rest of the world. 11. Many foreign companies have opened factories in Britain. The Japanese car company Nissan opened a car factory near Sunderland in 1986. During 1993, Nissan became Britain's biggest car exporter sending 182, 207 vehicles to 36 countries in the world. Toyota and Honda also have their main European factories in Britain. The Korean electronics company Samsung opened a factory in Sunderland in 1995. The foreign companies give jobs to many local people. All major car manufacturers in Britain are owned by foreign companies. Rover is owned by the German company, BMW.
Comprehension check |
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