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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Lesson. CONVENTIONS. MARPOL 73/78 and SOLAS Part One. Marpol 73/78Стр 1 из 4Следующая ⇒
Lesson. CONVENTIONS. MARPOL 73/78 and SOLAS Part One. Marpol 73/78 Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words and expressions: Synonyms:
Vocabulary notes:
Exercise 2. Read, translate and discuss the text. Accidental Oil Spillage and Leakage Ship's personnel should maintain a close watch for the escape of oil at the beginning of and during loading or discharging operations. Care should be taken to ensure that pipeline valves, including drop valves, are closed if not in use. Cargo or bunker tanks which have been topped up should be checked frequently during the loading operations to avoid an overflow. If a leakage occurs from a pipeline, valve or hose, operations through that connection should be stopped until the cause is established and the problem is removed. If a pipeline, hose or arm bursts or if there is an overflow, all cargo and bunker operations should be stopped immediately and should not be restarted until the fault is removed and all hazards from the released oil eliminated. If there is any possibility of the released oil or of petroleum gas entering an engine-room, appropriate preventive steps should be taken. An adequate supply of absorbent (saw dust, etc.) should be kept onboard for fast removal of any oil spillage on deck. This must include an immediate availability of a small portable air-driven pump to handle large overflows. Before any cargo pumping, all deck scuppers must be effectively plugged to prevent spilled oil to escape into the water around the tanker. Accumulations of water should be drained periodically and scupper plugs replaced immediately after water has been run off. Oily water should be transferred to a slop tank. MARPOL 73/78 The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by its Protocol of 1978, is one of the most important international conventions of marine pollution by oil, chemicals, and harmful substances in packaged form, sewage, and garbage. The Convention is usually known as MARPOL 73/78, the word MARPOL means marine pollution. Oil pollution of the sea was first recognized as a problem before the First World War and during the 1920s and 1930s various countries introduced measures to control discharges of oil within their territorial waters, in the ports and harbours. But no agreement had been reached before the outbreak of the Second World War. Pollution resulting from tanker accidents was beginning to cause some concern, the convention was primarily aimed at pollution resulting from routine tanker operations, which was the greater cause of oil pollution from ships. When a tanker has discharged its cargo it has to fill some of its cargo tanks with ballast water in order to provide the necessary stability and to ensure that the propeller and rudder are properly immersed for the voyage back to the loading port. Mixtures of oil and water also result from tank cleaning, which is generally done by spraying the tank walls and bottom with water. Pollution can also come from engine room bilges of all ships (not only tankers), since bilge water is always contaminated by oil. In 1954 the normal practice was to pump these mixtures of oil and water into the sea. The 1954 convention attempted to tackle (решать) this problem in two main ways: a) It established " prohibited zones" extending at least 50 miles from the nearest land in which the discharge of oil or of mixtures containing more than 100 parts of oil per million was forbidden. b) It also required Contracting Parties to take all appropriate steps to promote the provision of facilities for the reception of oily water. The increasing amount of' chemicals and oil being carried at sea and a growing concern for the world's environment as a whole made people feel that the 1954 convention was no longer adequate (достаточный), despite the various amendments which had been adopted. Most of the technical measures are included in five annexes to the convention which deal not only with oil, but with all forms of marine pollution: Annex I — Oil Annex II — Noxious (вредный, ядовитый) liquid substances carried in bulk (e.g. chemicals) Annex III — Harmful (вредный, опасный) substances carried/in packages (e, g. tanks). Annex IV — Sewage Annex V — Garbage. Only a handful (небольшое количество) of countries ratified the convention in the years immediately following its adoption. The 1978 Protocol to MARPOL introduced stricter regulations for the inspection and certification of ships. MARPOL 73/78 requires: 1. An initial survey before the ship is put in service or before an International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate is issued. 2. Periodical surveys at intervals not exceeding five years. 3. A minimum of one intermediate survey during the period of validity of the OРР Certificate. 4. Unscheduled inspection or mandatory (обязательный) annual surveys must be carried out Exercise 3. Answer the following questions. 1. What dangerous problem does our generation face? 2. What is the most important anti-pollution treaty ever adopted by IMO? 3. When was the problem of oil pollution first recognized? 4. What convention did the 1954 conference adopt? 5. What was the greater cause of oil pollution from ships? 6. In what way does a tanker contaminate its ballast water, with oil? 7. Can discharge of oily water be made only from tankers which causes oil pollution of the sea? 8. How did the 1954 convention attempt to tackle/solve the problem of pollution? 9. What do the five annexes to the convention deal with? 10. What regulations for the inspection and certification of ships did the 1978 Protocol to MARPOL introduce? Exercise 4. Make up a dialogue of your own based on the one given below and answer the questions. Is the ship equipped in accordance with the provisions of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships? Why do you think so? Inspector: Does your ship under normal conditions carry ballast water in her oil fuel tanks? Chief Engineer: No, never. Insp.: What separating or filtering equipment do you have on board? Ch. Eng.: She is fitted with the separating equipment capable of producing effluent with oil content not exceeding 16 ppm. Insp.: What type of control system have you got? Ch. Eng.: Our control system includes 15 ppm alarm and automatic stopping device for discharges in special areas. Insp.: What is the maximum throughput of the system? Ch. Eng.: 1.5 m3/h. Insp.: Is the ship provided with oil residue (sludge) tanks? Ch. Eng.: Yes, we’ve got 2 tanks for oil residues with the total capacity of 10 m3. And there is also a pipeline for the discharge of residues to reception facilities, fitted with a standard discharge connection. Insp.: Will you show your International Oil Prevention Certificate? Ch. Eng.: Here you are. By the way, the annual survey was held a month ago. Insp.: I see your ship is equipped in accordance with the provisions of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. And who is responsible for the equipment? Ch Eng.: The fourth engineer. Insp.: I’d like him to show me your equipment working. *** • Why has the inspector come on board the ship? • How can the ship prove that she is not to blame for the oil slick? Inspector: Good afternoon. I am an inspector of the Department of Marine Pollution Control The point is that we have found a big oil spot/slick on the water surface not far from your ship. Chief Engineer: I'm afraid you are mistaken, Inspector. Our ship has got all the necessary equipment/facilities to prevent any pollution. Insp.: It's all very good. Perhaps I am wrong, but I am under duty to check all the possible sources of pollution. Do you keep an Oil Record Book? Oh yes, according to your entries you have had no spillage for a long time. Ch. Eng.: By the way, I can show you our International Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate. And you can make a tour of the ship to make sure that there are no traces of oil spillage/spill or oil leakage. Have you taken oil samples from that area? Insp.: Yes, we have. Ch. Eng.: Then I ask you to take samples of oil from our tanks and the analysis will show if those samples are identical or not. Insp.: Thank you for your assistance, Sir. *** Exercise 5. Learn the following standard expressions. Reporting and cleaning up spillage 1. Leak at manifold connection! 2. Overflow at...! 3. Stop pumping! 4. Pumping stopped. 5. How much spill? 6. Spill about... ton(s). 7. Clean up spill with.... 8. Stand by oil clearance team. 9. Oil clearance team standing by. 10. All crew assist to clean up spill. 11. Spillage stopped. 12. Spill cleaned up. 13. Oil /... escaping into water! 14. Inform pollution control (according to oil spill plan) and report. 15. Pollution control informed.
COMPREHENSIVE READING Lesson. SOLAS Synonyms:
Vocabulary notes:
Exercise 2. Read, translate and discuss the text. The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) is one of the most important international conventions dealing with maritime safety and also it’s also one of the oldest. The first version was adopted in 1914 in response to the Titanic disaster, the second in 1929, the third in 1948 and the fourth in 1960. The present version was adopted in 1974 and entered into force in 1980. The main objective of the SOLAS Convention is to specify minimum standards for the construction, equipment, and operation of ships compatible with their safety. Flag States are responsible for ensuring that ships under their flag comply with its requirements, and a number of certificates are prescribed in the Convention as proof that this has been done. The current SOLAS Convention includes Articles and Annexes setting out general obligations and procedures concerning safety of navigation; carriage of cargoes including dangerous goods; fire protection and fire-fighting equipment; life-saving appliances and arrangements including requirements for lifeboats, rescue boats and life jackets according to the type of ship. SOLAS includes Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) according to which all passenger ships and all cargo ships of 300 gross tonnage and more on international voyages should carry satellite emergency position indicating radio beacons (EPIRBs) and search and rescue transponders (SARTs) for the location of a ship or a survival craft. Statistics say that about 80% of all shipping accidents are caused by people. ISM Code (chapter IX of SOLAS) provides tools (check-lists, procedures, etc.) to prevent accidents, injuries, and pollution caused by poor management and human mistakes. Objectives of the ISM Code are to ensure safety at sea, prevention of human injury or loss of life, and avoidance of damage to the environment, especially to the marine environment and to property. Safety management objectives of the Company should: • provide for safe practices in ship’s operation and safe working environment; • establish safeguards against all identified risks; and • continuously improve safety management skills of personnel ashore and aboard ships, including preparing for emergencies related both to safety and environmental protection. The ISM Code establishes an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships - Safety Management System (SMS). The functional requirements for a SMS are: • a safety and environmental protection policy; • instructions, procedures, and check-lists to ensure safe operations of ships and protection of the environment in accordance with international, national, and port state regulations; • procedures for emergency situations. The ISM Code requires the company to develop plans and procedures for all special and critical operations onboard. Before carrying out any task onboard, you have to check in the SMS if there is any written procedure or plan describing how to do it. If so, you have to follow that plan. In order to avoid accidents and eliminate the risk of fire and explosion onboard it is necessary to plan; the work and follow all work permits before any work starts. Required work permits include: HOT WORK PERMIT should be issued, when involving risks such as fire, explosions. Example of such work: welding, cutting. All hot work must be reported to the office before start. ENCLOSED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT should be issued, when involving risks like: lack of oxygen, dangerous gases. Example of such work: tank inspections, tank cleaning. ELECTRICAL WORK PERMIT should be issued, when involving risks like: electrical shock. Example of such work: replacing electrical fittings. WORKING ALOFT PERMIT should be issued, when involving risks like: falling down. Example of such work: replacing navigation lights; any work done so high up that you risk to hurt yourself if fall. UNDERWATER WORK PERMIT should be issued, when involving risks like: a diver may be injured by a propeller. Example of such work: diving. WORKING OUTBOARD PERMIT should be issued, when involving risks like: falling into the sea. Example of such work: fixing a pilot ladder; any work outside the ship's hull. COLD WORK PERMIT should be issued, when involving risks like: explosions. Example of such work: rust chipping, all work with power tools outside the engine room. WORK HOURS. Personnel should have a proper rest before taking over the watch. All watchkeepers must receive no less than 10 hours of rest in each 24 hour period. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT When you sign on your vessel, you will get the necessary personal protective equipment required for your job. Depending on your position onboard it can be: Safety Shoes, Boiler Suits, Hard Hats, Ear Protection, Safety Goggles, Gloves, etc. It's your responsibility always to wear the correct personal protective equipment and to keep it in good condition. Follow the rules: • The overalls and safety boots supplied onboard the vessel must be worn at all times. • All crew must wear the appropriate personal protective equipment. • Ear defenders should be worn in high noise areas. • Goggles or visors of the appropriate type are required. when chipping, grinding, welding, handling chemicals, etc. • Hard hats must be worn when working on the main deck, cargo holds, and in the engine- room. • Safety harness or safety belt must be worn when working aloft, overboard, or where there is a risk of falling. • Dust masks are necessary when working in a dusty atmosphere. • To provide protection of hands the correct type of gloves must be used. Exercise 3. Answer the following questions: 1. What is the main objective of the SOLAS Convention? 2. What is the most frequent reason of all shipping accidents? 3. What system describes the ship’s safety policy? 4. What is the difference between ISM code and SMS? 5. What do you know about work permits? 6. What does the SOLAS abbreviation mean? 7. When the cold work permit should be issued? 8. When the electrical work permit should be issued? Lesson. CONVENTIONS. MARPOL 73/78 and SOLAS Part One. Marpol 73/78 Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words and expressions: Synonyms:
Vocabulary notes:
Exercise 2. Read, translate and discuss the text. |
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