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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Zollikofer von Altenklingen, Caspar
(b St Gallen, July 1707; d St Gallen, 12 Aug 1779). Swiss composer. He came from a St Gallen family whose history can be traced back to the 15th century. In 1728 he completed his theological education, and from that time he was active in the service of the church and school in his native city. He was often involved in disputes with the clerical authorities; in 1734 he was obliged to justify himself before the town council, and he was several times suspended from his post. In 1737 Zollikofer became deacon of St Leonhard in St Gallen, and in 1741 became Wednesday and Sunday evening preacher. After further misunderstandings he took up schoolteaching and in 1746 became Latin preceptor at the St Gallen Gymnasium. He returned to church work in 1761 and in 1773 obtained one of the five regular pastorships in St Gallen, becoming fourth city pastor in 1778. The dedication of Zollikofer’s Gebät-Music (St Gallen, 1738) describes the work as a domestic songbook for private meditation, comprising 1000 texts and 330 melodies for two to five voices and basso continuo. His criticism of the traditional Lobwasser Psalms leaves no doubt that he aimed at reforming sacred music through the adoption of more modern songs for congregational singing. It is doubtful whether he met with much success; no St Gallen songbook appeared until 1797. In the Gebät-Music itself numerous new songs are found alongside melodies from the Lobwasser Psalter, Heinrich Müller's Geistliche Seelen-Musik, Bachofen’s Musicalisches Hallelujah, the Freylinghausen Songbook and other collections. Zollikofer’s share of these melodies, as well as of new text settings and poems not otherwise authenticated, is presumed but not known for certain. Zollikofer also published the Wohlriechendes musicalisches Rauch-Werk (St Gallen, 1740), a collection of 300 ‘Gebet-Liedern’ with 22 melodies for single voice and continuo, and edited the last two editions of Geistliche Seelen-Musik, originally published in 1659. For the eighth edition, under the title Neu vermehrte Geistliche Seelen-Music (St Gallen, 1744), he added an appendix of 75 Geistliche liebliche Lieder (St Gallen, 1744) for four voices and continuo; for the ninth edition (St Gallen, 1753) he mentioned ‘more than 70 completely new melodies’, but reprinted the 1744 appendix. BIBLIOGRAPHY RefardtHBM WinterfeldEK, iii H. Weber: Geschichte des Kirchengesanges in der deutschen reformierten Schweiz seit der Reformation (Zürich, 1876) T. Batscher and H.M. Stückelberger, eds.: Kirchen- und Schulgeschichte der Stadt St. Gallen, ii: 1630–1750 (St Gallen, 1962) PETER ROSS Zöllner, Carl Friedrich (b Mittelhausen, Thuringia, 17 May 1800; d Leipzig, 25 Sept 1860). German choral director and composer. He was first taught music by his father, a schoolteacher, and in Leipzig from 1814 he studied music at the Thomasschule with J.G. Schicht, through whose influence he was appointed singing teacher at the Ratsfreischule (1820). In 1822 with Hemleben he established a private music institute for weekly choral rehearsals, and in 1833 founded in Leipzig a Liedertafel known as the Zöllnerverein, a male choral society modelled on Zelter’s Berlin organization, which became the model for many later groups. He formed new male choruses at Leipzig in 1840 and 1845, and in 1851 became director of the Künstlerverein. In 1854 he organized a weekly singing group from the Leipzig Kunst- und Gewerbeverein and in 1857 formed another male chorus, which (with those founded in 1845 and 1854) was to become the Zöllnerbund. By 1859 he was directing 20 such societies and 30 took part in the Leipzig musical festival to celebrate the Schiller centenary that year. Zöllner’s main influence was as an organizer and conductor rather than as a composer. He was the leading figure in the tremendously popular male-chorus movement in the mid-19th century, to which many composers contributed. Many of his own songs emphasize a folklike style and are characterized by youthful spirit and affectionately humorous character; they are among the best produced by the minor masters of this genre and some were issued in English editions, including Tonic Sol-fa. His settings, designed for popular appeal, include six poems from Wilhelm Müller’s cycle Die schöne Müllerin. WORKS (selective list) published in Leipzig unless otherwise stated for complete catalogue see Hänsch (1927)
BIBLIOGRAPHY ADB (R. Eitner) MGG1 (P. Hauschild) [incl. list of works] Reviews of Zöllner’s works in AMZ, xliv (1842), 826–7; xlv (1843), 692–4 R. Hänsch: Der Liedermeister Carl Friedrich Zöllner (Dresden, 1927) R. Kötzschke: ‘Carl Zöllner’, Sächsische Lebensbilder, ii (Dresden, 1938), 416–23 A. Heuss: ‘Franz Schuberts und Friedrich Zöllners “Das Wandern ist des Müllers Lust”’, ZfM, Jg.96 (1929), 5–10, 65–70 DEANE L. ROOT/MICHAEL MUSGRAVE Zöllner, Heinrich (b Leipzig, 4 July 1854; d Freiburg, 8 May 1941). German conductor and composer, son of Carl Friedrich Zöllner. He studied music at the Leipzig Conservatory (1875–7) under Reinecke, Jadassohn and E.F. Richter, and in 1878 was appointed director of music at the University of Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia). In 1885 he became a staff member of the Cologne Conservatory, and began directing the male choral society. From 1890 to 1898 he lived in the USA, where he conducted the Deutscher Liederkranz in New York; his festival cantata Die neue Welt was awarded a prize at the 1892 Cleveland Sängerfest. On his return to Leipzig, he succeeded Kretzschmar as director of music at the university and conducted the Paulus male choir; in 1902 he was Reinecke’s successor as professor of composition at the conservatory, and from 1903 music editor of the Leipziger Tageblatt. He resigned his Leipzig positions in 1906, and from 1907 to 1914 was the first Kapellmeister of the newly organized Vlaamse Opera in Antwerp. From 1914 he lived in Freiburg, in retirement except for his duties as opera critic for the Breisgauer Zeitung. Zöllner’s prolific output includes ten operas, several large-scale works for chorus and orchestra, symphonies, overtures, piano music and numerous smaller vocal pieces. He wrote many works for male chorus, a medium popularized by his father, but showed a preference for large forms and forces by adding a full orchestral accompaniment. His most successful opera, Die versunkene Glocke, was revived frequently up to 1939. WORKS (selective list) printed works published in Leipzig unless otherwise stated Stage
Vocal
Instrumental
BIBLIOGRAPHY MGG1 (P. Hauschild) E. Segnitz: ‘Heinrich Zöllner’, 20 Biographien zeitgenössischer Tonsetzer(Leipzig, 1907), 267ff T. Kroyer: ‘Die circumpolare Oper’, JbMP 1919, 16–33 R. Kötzschke: Geschichte der Universitäts-Sängerschaft zu St Pauli in Leipzig, 1822–1922(Leipzig, 1922) G. von Graevenitz: Musik in Freiburg (Freiburg, 1938) DEANE L. ROOT |
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, op.20 (1883), F, op.100, d, op.130, e, 1917, d, 1928; Sommerfahrt, episode, str, op.15 (1882); Elegie, vn, chbr orch, op.46; Waldphantasie, op.83; Unter dem Sternenbanner, ov., op.88, 1906; Serenade, fl, str, op.95