Language Bank: Showing Comparison/Contrast

to compare:

• similar (to), similarly,

• like, alike, likewise,

• correspond to, correspondingly,

• equally,

• by comparison (with),

• in comparison (with/to),

• (almost) the same as, just as

• to have … in common

• to be parallel in

• in the same way

• too

• … than …

to contrast:

• differ from, different (from)

• however,

• otherwise,

• still

• even so

• while

• but

• by contrast (with/to),

• in contrast (with/to),

• though

• nevertheless, nonetheless,

• unlike

• in opposition (to)

• on the contrary,

• although

• on the one (other) hand,

• whereas

• not as … as

• conversely,

• yet

• despite this,

5. Fill in the cause-effect links in the following sentences. The first has been done for you

1. Playing soccer is not dangerous, but at the same time it’s a

challenge. That’s why, this game is my favorite pastime.

2. The fast food chains like McDonald’s and Pizza Hut are doing

a booming business ___________ many people eat several meals

a week there.

3. The academic background of some students is weak, which ___________ their failure

in college.

4. ___________ favorable weather conditions, the soil is extremely rich in this area.

5. What ___________ you to change your mind?

6. On their travels, they got many pieces of antique furniture. ___________, their home

had become something of a museum.

7. ___________ there’s no more business, we can all go home.

8. They also pointed out that they had studied only men; ___________, their findings

might not apply to women.

9. My parents’ divorce had a big ___________ me.

10. He lowered his voice ___________ Doris couldn't hear.

Language Bank: Introducing Cause-Effect

• so/so that

• … make for …

• thus

• consequently, as a consequence,

• the consequence of … is

• as a result,

• … is the result of …

• … result in …

• … cause …

• … is the cause of …

• … follows from …

• if … then … follows …

• that is why (,)

• hence (,)

• because (of)

• owing to

• since (as)

• therefore,

• accordingly,

• for this reason,

• due to …

• one effect of … is that …

• … is the effect of …

• … has an effect on …

• … make(s) … possible by …

• in this case, …

• give

VII. Using Correct Links

1. Fill in the gaps choosing the right words from those given in parentheses.

1. ___________ using dryers in the US costs money, I prefer it to drying clothes at

home ___________ it is quick and easy. (because, so, despite, although)

2. Many people believe that cats are not friendly; ___________, they will not make good

pets. (due to, therefore). Dogs, ___________, are loyal and friendly; ___________, they

make excellent pets. (of course, however, furthermore, consequently)

3. In North America ___________ coffee is a more popular drink ___________ tea. (in

the past, than, today, as) ___________ before the US won its independence from Britain,

tea was favorite and expensive ___________. (so, but, too, also)

4. Most of us can take simple precautions to minimize the risk. ___________, we avoid

walking in parks or deserted city areas ___________ dark. (after, when, that is, for example)

5. The smell of a flower can range from sweet, like vanilla, to fresh ___________ differences

in the chemistry of the plant. (because, due to)

6. The new test has some similarities to IQ test but ___________ some significant

___________; for example, it doesn’t have a vocabulary section. (as well, also, differences,

likenesses)

7. A cold winter can ___________ serious problems for many people in Florida. (give

rise, cause) The farmers grow oranges, and cold weather can ___________ many orange

trees dying. (result in, result from)

2. Fill in the missing linking words in the sentences below.

1. I go swimming every day ___________ work.

2. ___________ it’s a special occasion, I’ve already decided to treat myself to a bottle of

champagne.

3. Horses were the swiftest carriers of news ___________ most of history.

4. Write down what is said or done. Ask a friend or colleague to take a note

___________.

5. The House of Lords is not ___________ powerful ___________ the House of

Commons.

6. She was wearing dark sunglasses; ___________, he didn’t immediately recognize her.

7. It’s essential that we help to preserve these forests ___________ they have an ideal

climate for plants and animals.

8. ___________ neglecting his studies, he got his degree.

9. People choose jobs for other reasons ___________ money.

10. Cook the sauce over a medium heat ___________ it thickens. ___________, start

boiling the water for the pasta.

11. I think my father and I are very much ___________ in many ways.

12. Sea levels are rising ___________ of global warming.

13. There’ll be ___________ bus along in a few minutes.

14. Setting up a business is exciting. ___________, it requires a great deal of effort.

15. ___________ I can't help admiring the man's courage, I do not approve of his methods.

16. The President's absence has ___________ speculation about his health.

3. In the following passage, most of the connectors are missing. Rewrite the text, adding

links from the box below, where necessary. There are several possible options.

Television was invented by John Logie Baird. When he

was young, he built an airplane. He tried to fly in it. It

crashed down. Baird was fortunate not to be killed. It did

not discourage him. When he was older, he tried to make

diamonds from coal. There was an enormous explosion.

He was not injured. He became a business man. His business

failed. He thought of working at television. His family

advised him not to. He did not listen to them. He

rented an attic. He bought the apparatus he needed. He started working. He worked for

a long time. He was not successful. One day he saw a picture on his screen. He rushed

out to get someone he could “televise.” He found an office boy. He took him back to

his room. No image of the boy appeared on his screen. The boy, terrified, had put his

head down. He put it up again. His picture appeared on the screen. Television was discovered.

then

and

when

that’s how

however

but

yet

instead

the only result

although

so

 

VIII. Sentence Combining

1. Use signal words to combine each set of

sentences into one sentence organized according

to the suggested patterns.

• listing

1. I look for three basic qualities in a friendship. I value honesty. It is trust. My friend

and I have common interests.

2. Moscow has a lot to offer to a tourist. There are very many museums. You can enjoy

different restaurants with ethnic cuisines. The Arbat abounds in small stores and kiosks.

3. The three sisters enjoyed hot dogs at the snack bar for lunch. They liked root beer.

They ordered ice cream for dessert.

4. Mike went to the zoo with his father. They visited the bird exhibition. He liked the

tigers and lions. He saw an elephant house.

5. You can use several ways to collect the information for the article. Interviewing always

works. The university library contains lots of books and magazines that might be useful

for the historical survey.

• sequence

1. David and Peter went on a camping trip. They went to the White Mountain in New

Hampshire. They went in June.

2. Katherine woke up. The alarm clock rang loudly at 7 a.m.

3. A good example is my Uncle Jack. He was my favorite person. I was a child.

4. We were young. My brother used to tease me. He used to start fights.

5. I applied for the job of a tour guide. It was summer. I read an advertisement inviting

students to earn extra money and have an exciting vacation.

• comparison/contrast

1. The Iroquois Indians built their houses from birch trees and young saplings. The

Plains Indians preferred to use the hides of buffaloes for their shelters.

2. The twins look exactly alike. They have different personalities.

3. My mother has curly black hair. I have curly black hair.

4. No Italian meal is complete without something. The something is a loaf of delicious

Italian bread. The Chinese never serve bread of any kind.

5. It was cold inside the house. It was cold outside.

• cause-effect

1. My brother sleeps with an open book under his pillow. He says it helps him learn his

lesson.

2. The groundhog saw its shadow. We will have six more weeks of winter.

3. My friends and I were vacationing in the Caribbean. We were all interested in deep-sea diving.

4. My sister wasn’t watching where she was going. She stepped on the cat’s tail.

5. My brother studies very hard. He always makes the honor roll.

IX. Completing Sentences

1. Complete the sentences using the listing pattern.

1. I need the money. And besides, ______________________.

2. Another example of this approach ___________________.

3. The rent is reasonable and, moreover, _________________.

4. The company provides cheap Internet access. In addition,

___________________.

5. There were people from all over Europe and __________________________ too.

6. Car prices can vary a lot. For example, __________________________________.

7. He is young and popular. Furthermore, _________________________________.

2. The following sentences use sequence links. Complete the sentences.

1. Prior to _____________, you should gather all the ingredients for the cake.

2. To begin with, you must _______________ in order to score 550 on the paper-based

TOEFL.

3. Formerly I liked _______________, but nowadays I _______________.

4. In the 1900’s, people traveled by/on ______________; later they _______________,

and now they can _______________.

5. During the summer, she _______________.

6. Before I learned about _______________, I thought that _______________.

6. Before I learned about _______________, I thought that _______________.

7. Since I was ten years old, I have _______________.

Tip:

Circle the words

that signal each

pattern of organization.

Cohesion of Paragraph

49

3. Complete the sentences using the comparison/contrast pattern.

1. Although you’re in the middle of a big city, _______________.

2. _______________ and _______________ are different in many ways even though

their aims maybe the same.

3. Some people visit their doctor on a regular basis, while others _______________.

4. Both _______________ and _______________ have a lot in common:

_______________.

5. In comparison with other video games, ________________.

6. Tom’s voice is very similar to _______________.

7. This is a cheap and simple process. However, _______________.

4. Complete the sentences using the cause-effect pattern.

1. As a result of the invention of the telephone, ___________.

2. Because of their lifestyle and diet, sportsmen _______________.

3. She already had a lot of experience; therefore, ___________.

4. Many people believe that poverty is a direct consequence of _______________.

5. Owing to bad weather, _______________.

6. Peter’s car ran out of gas, so ______________.

7. Drinking unfiltered water can give rise to _______________.

X. Wrong Links

1. In the following sentences, the links are used incorrectly. Change them to make the

sentences meaningful.

1. He was hungry by noon; therefore, he hadn’t eaten

breakfast.

2. He gets ten hours of sleep each night, unlike he

always seems tired in class.

3. Students who work in the cafeteria earn extra money; too, they learn a lot about human

nature.

4. There was no reason for him to stay any longer; nevertheless, he returned to his home.

5. However the fierce sandstorm, the caravan moved on.

6. Defeat was obvious because the players continued to try their best to win the game.

7. Mr. Smith smokes too much; for example, he drops ashes all over the rug.

8. A foreign student who reads only 200 words a minute is reading at about half the

speed of a native speaker of English; however, he takes about twice as long to read the

same text.

9. In contrast with a Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen also has gasoline or diesel engines.

10. The present birth rate is increasing and the death rate is decreasing since the world’s

population is growing at a frightening pace.

11. Too much coffee can result from a stomachache.

12. Sales of existing homes went up 2% last month. Similarly, the construction of new

homes went down.

 

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