Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную форму.

 

1. The highway engineering faculty (to train) the students in several qualifications. 2. The road structure (to consist) of the subgrade, subbase, drainage layer and pavement. 3. For building the road various building materials (to use). 4. The road pavement (to make) usually of asphalt-concrete or cement-concrete. 5. Various artificial structures also (to belong) to the road construction. 6. The curriculum of the faculty (to induce) a lot of specialized subjects. 7. The most part of transportation (to employ) by means of roads. 8. The highway development policy (to induce) the construction, maintenance and operation. 9. The designing of roads also (to study) at the faculty. 10. The economic analysis (to be) the most important factor in road construction. 11. The highway economy (to include) two main elements. 12. The sum of two cost elements (to constitute) the highway transportation cost. 13. The motor vehicles (to influence) the roadway condition. 14. The damage of the pavement (to cause) by the motor vehicle loads. 15. The traffic safety (to provide) by many factors of road maintenance.

 

8 . Ответьте на вопросы .

1. What qualifications are trained at the faculty?

2. What are the main elements of the road?

3. What artificial structures belong to the road?

4. What specialized subjects do the students of the faculty study?

5. What is the main purpose of highways? 

6. Why is knowing the properties of road-building materials important?

7. What is the corner-stone of highway design?

8. What economical factors are essential in road-building?

9. What is the highway transportation cost?

10. What causes the damage of the pavement?

11. What does repair of the road involve?

12. What is the final aim of the proper highway maintenance?

 

9. Прочитайте и переведите отрывки, дополняющие информацию из текста. Ответьте на вопросы .

What aspects of highway policy should each engineer take into account? What can the applied loads cause? What is the maintenance of the road? What factors should be avoided during road designing?

1. Each highway engineer has unavoidable contact with three broad aspects of highway policies: development, operational and regulatory. The development policy deals with the construction, maintenance and operation of the highways. The operational policy concerns operation of the vehicles, because it greatly results in planning and design of the roads. The regulatory policy mainly concerns general regulation of transportation.

2. The roadway structure is the subject to the wheel loads of motor vehicles, which result in deflection of the surface and the underlying layers. The applied loads cause roughening and cracking of the pavement and in some cases can lead to the failure of road structure. In such cases the repair is needed. But it is much better to maintain the road properly.

3. Highway maintenance involves patching, filling ruts, removing surface corrugations, pouring cracks, blading surfaces, cleaning ditches and culvets, repairing bridges and fighting floods. It also includes operation of the highway as a safe, efficient and pleasing link in the nation’s highly important transportation system. This adds such duties as erecting signs and traffic control, painting traffic stripes, mowing grass and weeds, clearing away trash, removing snow, spreading cinders and other services which the public has come to expect.

4. The students of the faculty also study the designing of roads. The key-stone of modern highway design is to make the suitability of the highway for vehicle and driver as nearly perfect as possible. The designing of roads should be directed to eliminating accidents. The alignment should be the best obtainable when topography and urban development are considered. Sharp horizontal curvature should be avoided at the end of long tangents where surprise factor would cause many accidents. It is axiomatic that the longer the tangents, the flatter should be the connecting curve.

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