Stanley Milgram - electric shock/obedience to authority figures.

Stanley Milgram - electric shock/obedience to authority figures.

Volunteers were recruited for a lab experiment. At the beginning of the experiment they were introduced to another participant, who was actually a confederate of the experimenter. They drew straws to determine their roles, but the confederate was always the learner. Two rooms were used - one for the learner with an electric chair and another for the teacher and experimenter with an electric shock generator. The teacher is told to administer an electric shock every time the learner makes a mistake, increasing the level of shock each time, there were 15 up to 450 volts. The learner gave mainly wrong answers. The results were 65% of participants continued to the highest level of 450 volts, so the conclusion was to see how status affect on obedience.

Erik Erikson - Theory shows how people evolve through the life span.

People with negative views of others exhibit either the dismissive or the fearful attachment style; the two styles share the characteristic of avoidance. Although internally aroused, avoidant infants reveal little distress during separation or clinging upon reunion. As adults, avoidant people tend to be less invested in relationships and more likely to leave them. They also are more likely to engage in one-night stands of sex without love. Examples of the two styles might be “I want to keep my options open” (dismissing) and “I am uncomfortable getting close to others” (fearful).

Some researchers attribute these varying attachment styles, which have been studied across 62 cultures, to parental responsiveness. Cindy Hazan sums up the idea: “Early attachment experiences form the basis of internal working models or characteristic ways of thinking about relationships.” Thus, sensitive, responsive mothers—mothers who engender a sense of basic trust in the world’s reliability—typically have securely attached infants, observed Mary Ainsworth and Erik Erikson.

Emile Dirkheim - study of suicide.

Durkheim wanted to figure out what makes people commit to this life ending choice and what factors influences to this decision. He concluded that there are four different “types” of suicide.

The first type is the Egoistic suicide. It occurs when the degree of social integration is low. When a person commits this type of suicide they are not well supported in a social group.

The second type is Altruistic suicide. It occurs when the degree of social integration is too high. When a person commits this type of suicide they are greatly involved in a group. A good example of this would be a suicide bomber.

Durkheim’s third type of suicide is Anomic Suicide. It  related to too low of a degree of regulation. This type of suicide is committed during times of great stress or change. An example of this is when the market crashes or spikes.

The final type of suicide is Fatalistic suicide. People commit this suicide when their lives are kept under tight regulation. They often live their lives under extreme rules and high expectations.

 

Lee Ross and Craig Anderson – attribution.

Attribution theory, in its broadest sense, is concerned with the attempts of ordinary people to understand the causes and implications of the events they witness. It deals with the "naive psychology'; of people as they interpret their own behavior and the actions of others.

 

Hazel Markus - self-schemas

The elements of your self-concept, the specific beliefs by which you define yourself, are your self-schemas. Schemas are mental templates by which we organize our worlds. Our self-schemas—our perceiving ourselves as athletic, overweight, smart, or whatever—powerfully affect how we perceive, remember, and evaluate other people and ourselves. If athletics is central to your self- concept, then you will tend to notice others’ bodies and skills. You will quickly recall sports-related experiences.

Karl Marx – alienation.

Marx said: “The worker is related to the product of his labour as to an alien object. The object he produces does not belong to him. Secondly, alienation appears not only in the result, but also in the process of production and productive activity itself. The worker is not at home in his work which he views only as a means of satisfying others’ needs. It is an activity directed against himself, that is, independent of him, and does not belong to him. Thirdly, alienated labour succeeds in alienating man from his species. Species life, productive life, life creating life turns into a mere means of sustaining the worker’s individual existence and man is alienated from his fellowmen. Finally, nature itself is alienated from man, who thus loses his own inorganic body.” Marx speaks of these four types of alienation.

The alienation is primarily the product of capitalist system of economy. But if the capitalism is in its childhood stage the alienation does-not seem to be its basic characteristic.

In other words, the worker works hard and this he does not for his own satisfaction or benefits but for the benefits of the capitalist. He grumbles, he remains dissatisfied. But he is helpless.

Stanley Milgram - electric shock/obedience to authority figures.

Volunteers were recruited for a lab experiment. At the beginning of the experiment they were introduced to another participant, who was actually a confederate of the experimenter. They drew straws to determine their roles, but the confederate was always the learner. Two rooms were used - one for the learner with an electric chair and another for the teacher and experimenter with an electric shock generator. The teacher is told to administer an electric shock every time the learner makes a mistake, increasing the level of shock each time, there were 15 up to 450 volts. The learner gave mainly wrong answers. The results were 65% of participants continued to the highest level of 450 volts, so the conclusion was to see how status affect on obedience.

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