Robert Sternberg – theory of triangular love.

There are three components of love as follows:

Passion: Passion can be associated with either physical arousal or emotional stimulation. Passion is defined in three ways:

1.        A strong feeling of enthusiasm for something or about doing something

2.        A strong feeling that causes people to act in a dangerous way

3.        strong sexual or romantic feeling for someone

 

Intimacy: feelings of closeness and attachment to one another. This tends to strengthen the tight bond that is shared between those two individuals. Having a sense of intimacy helps create the feeling of being at ease with one another, in the sense that the two parties are mutual in their feelings.

Commitment: involves a conscious decision to stick with one another. The decision to remain committed is mainly determined by the level of satisfaction that a partner derives from the relationship. There are three ways to define commitment:

1.        A promise to do or give something

2.        A promise to be loyal to someone

3.        the attitude of someone who works very hard to do or support something

 

Leon Festinger – cognitive dissonance / social comparison.

In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull. They were then paid either $1 or $20 to tell a waiting participant (a confederate) that the tasks were really interesting. Almost all of the participants agreed to walk into the waiting room and persuade the confederate that the boring experiment would be fun.

Results : When the participants were asked to evaluate the experiment, the participants who were paid only $1 rated the tedious task as more fun and enjoyable than the participants who were paid $20 to lie.

Erik Erikson – Theory shows how people evolve through the life span.

People with negative views of others exhibit either the dismissive or the fearful attachment style; the two styles share the characteristic of avoidance. Although internally aroused, avoidant infants reveal little distress during separation or clinging upon reunion. As adults, avoidant people tend to be less invested in relationships and more likely to leave them. They also are more likely to engage in one-night stands of sex without love. Examples of the two styles might be “I want to keep my options open” (dismissing) and “I am uncomfortable getting close to others” (fearful).

Some researchers attribute these varying attachment styles, which have been studied across 62 cultures, to parental responsiveness. Cindy Hazan sums up the idea: “Early attachment experiences form the basis of internal working models or characteristic ways of thinking about relationships.” Thus, sensitive, responsive mothers—mothers who engender a sense of basic trust in the world’s reliability—typically have securely attached infants, observed Mary Ainsworth and Erik Erikson.

Albert Bundura – Self-efficacy.

Psychologist Albert Bandura has defined self-efficacy as one's belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task. One's sense of self-efficacy can play a major role in how one approaches goals, tasks, and challenges. The theory of self-efficacy lies at the center of Bandura’s social cognitive theory. The main concept is that an individual’s actions and reactions in almost every situation are influenced by the actions that individual has observed in others. Because self-efficacy is developed from external experiences and self-perception and is influential in determining the outcome of many events, it is an important aspect of social cognitive theory. People with high self-efficacy—that is, those who believe they can perform well—are more likely to view difficult tasks as something to be mastered rather than something to be avoided.

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