INFINITIVE – GERUND – PARTICIPLES

The Infinitive

	Active	Passive
Present	(to) lose	(to) be lost
Present Continuous	(to) be losing	---
Perfect	(to) have lost	(to) have been lost
Perfect Continuous	(to) have been losing	---

The to-infinitive is used:

1 To express purpose:

Sam went to the bank to get some money.

2 After certain verbs: afford, agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, etc.

He promised to help us.

3 After adjectives: happy, glad, clever, mean, stupid , etc:

I’m very glad to see you.

4 After too / enough

She is too young to stay out so late.

The bare infinitive is used:

1 After the modal verbs (must, may, should, can, etc.)

You must study hard.

2 After the verbs let, make, see, hear, and feel.

They made him pay for the damage.

The Gerund

	Active	Passive
Simple	losing	being lost
Perfect	having lost	having been lost

The Gerund is used:

1 As a noun:

Swimming keeps you fit..

2 After certain verbs: admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy,

 imagine, postpone, suggest, etc

They considered moving to Spain.

3 After  dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer:

She likes painting.

BUT: I would like to go to the cinema tomorrow.

4 After expressions such as: it’s no use, what’s the use, can’t help

there’s no point (in), can’t stand

What’s the use of waiting for an answer?

5 After prepositions:

He left without saying goodbye.

He was found guilty of lying in court.

The Participles

The Participles are:

Present Participles (staying, leaving, etc.),

Perfect Participles (having left, etc.).

Past Participles (stayed, left, etc.)

 

1 Present and past participles can be used as adjectives.

It was an embarrassing situation. (What kind of situation? Embarrassing.)

He was embarrassed. (How did he feel? Embarrassed.)

2  Participles can also be used:

a to express reason.

Feeling shy, Laura didn't talk to Ben.

Having seen the film before, I decided to stay at home.(= Because I had seen the film before, I decided to stay at home.)

b to express time.

After taking/having taken his Master's degree, he applied for a job.

Having taken his Master's degree, he applied for a job.

We met John while shopping.

c instead of the past simple in narratives when we describe actions  

happening immediately one after the other.

Hearing the news, she fainted.

d to avoid repeating the past continuous in the same sentence.

He was walking down the street whistling a tune. (= He was walking down the street and he was whistling a tune.)

SUFFIXES

Common suffixes for nouns

-ance, -ence

Often used to form abstract nouns from adjectives ending in -ant or -ent:

patient – patience, tolerant – tolerance.

- ее

Used to describe a person on whom an action is performed: employee (= person who is employed), trainee (= person who is being trained).

- er, -ian, -or

Often used for people or things that do a particular job: act – actor, football – footballer, music – musician.

-hood

Used to form abstract nouns, especially those concerned with periods of life or relationships between people: child – childhood. mother - motherhood

-ism

Often used to describe particular religions or ideologies, and with some abstract nouns: liberalism, criticism, cynicism.

- ist

Used to describe people's beliefs and sometimes their occupation:

journalis, pianist.

-ity, -iety, -y

Used to form nouns from adjectives:anxious – anxiety, immune – immunity.

- tion , -(s)sion

Often used to form nouns from verbs: imagine – imagination, admit – admission.

-ment

Often used to form abstract nouns from verbs: enjoy – enjoyment, move – movement.

-ness

Often used to form abstract nouns from adjectives: happy – happiness nervous – nervousness.

-ship

Used to form abstract nouns, usually about relationships: friend – friendship member – membership.

⇐ Предыдущая33343536373839404142Следующая ⇒

Поделиться: