Present simple and present perfect

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Present simple is used to refer to future time in future time clauses.

When we get there, we'll have dinner.

Present perfect can also be used instead of present simple when the completion of the event is emphasized.

When we've had a rest, we'll go out.

Present simple is also used to describe fixed events, which are not simply the wishes of the speaker.

Tom retires in three years.

Similarly, calendar references use the present simple.

Christmas is on a Tuesday next year.

5.5 Hope This can be followed by either present or future tenses.

I hope it doesn’t rain. I hope it won't rain.

Think, believe, expect, doubt

Most verbs of thinking can be followed by will if there is future reference.

I expect the train will be late. I doubt whether United will win.

Just/just about to

Just can be used to describe something on the point of happening.

Hurry up! The tram is just leaving\ just about to leave.

5.8 Shall is used for first person in future and possibly declining in use.

We also use shall to ask politely: Shall I open the window?

Tense consolidation: PAST TENSES

Past simple

1.Completed actions, happed one after the other I got up, switched off the radio, and sat down again. 2. Habits Every day I went to the park. 3. States In those days, I didn’t like reading. 4.Actions happed at a stated past time She passed her exam last month. 5.Completed past actions not connected to the present Elvis Presley made lots of records. Mozart was a well-known pianist at the age of 10.

Past continuous

1. Actions in progress (interrupted by events) I was drinking my coffee at the time. While I was opening the letter, the phone rang. 2. Background description in narrative I entered the office and looked around. Most people were working at their desks, but Jane was staring out the window and pretending to write something at the same time. 3. Changing states The car was getting worse all the time. One of the headlights was gradually falling off, and the engine was making more and more funny noises. 4. Repeated actions – criticism. With a frequency adverb, this use is similar to the use of present continuous to express annoyance. When Jane was at school, she was always losing things.

Past perfect simple and continuous

1. An event in the past which happens before another event in the past, where there is no time expression to make this clear. By the time I got to the station, the train had left. The train left five minutes before I got to the station. 2. Past perfect continuous (progressive). The contrasts between past simple and past continuous can be made in past perfect tenses for events further back in the past. I had been living in a bed-sitter up to then. While I had been talking on the phone, Jimmy had escaped. 3 Past perfect is not used simply to describe an event in the distant past. There must be another past event, less far away in the past, with which it contrasts. She sad that she had met him before on holidays at the seaside.

4. Used to and would

1. Used to often contrasts with the present. The contrast may be stated or understood. I used to go swimming a lot (but I don't now). The negative form is either: I didn 't use to or I used not to 2. Would is used to describe repeated actions, not states. It describes a habitual activity, which was typical of a person. Every week he'd buy his mother a bunch of flowers. Used to would also be possible here. Compare: I used to like cowboy films

Unfulfilled past events

These describe events intended to take place, but which did not happen. I was going to phone you, but I forgot. Jack was to have taken part, but befell ill. I was thinking of going to Italy this year, but I haven't decided. I was about to do it, but I started doing something else.

Vocabulary

1. Study the important vocabulary:

1.1 Intellectual ability

Ability: intelligent, bright, clever, smart, shrewd, able, gifted, talented

Lacking ability: stupid, foolish, half-witted, simple, silly, brainless, daft, dumb

Clever, in a negative way: cunning, crafty, sly

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