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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Have you read this grammar information?Стр 1 из 3Следующая ⇒
Have you read this grammar information? Participles. There are two Participles in English: Participle I (the Present participle) and Participle II (the Past Participle). Participles |
Voice | ||||
| Active | Passive | ||||
| Participle I Participle II Perfect Participle | planning - having planned | being planned developed having been planned | |||
Participle I – a non-finite form of a verb which has the characteristic features of a verb and of an adjective.
It describes what somebody or something is and answers the question What kind?
Read – reading (читающий), run – running (бегущий).
Participle I – Причастие I или Present Participle образуется путем прибавления окончания –Ing к глаголу в форме инфинитива. To buy – buy ing; покупать – покупающий.
I delivered the goods Produced in this company. Я доставил товары, Произведенные в этой компании.
The Signed documents are on the desk. Подписанные Документы находятся на письменном столе.
Так как причастие также может обладать свойствами наречия, в предложении оно может быть обстоятельством, отвечать на вопрос Что делая?
We were talking long Discussing future plans. Мы долго разговаривали, Обсуждая планы на будущее.
He was preparing for the exam Typing Texts on the computer. Он готовился к экзамену, Печатая тексты на компьютере.
Participle II - a non-finite form of a verb which has the characteristic features of a verb and of an adjective. It usually corresponds to the passive Russian participle like: done – сделанный, thrown – выброшенный. It has a passive meaning. Что сделанный?
Participle I I – Past Participle – Причастие прошедшего времени или Причастие II:
Write – Written (писать - написанный). The Written Letter will be posted tomorrow.
Closed curtains, finished work, expressed by, discussed by, etc.
Functions in a sentence:
Функции причастия в предложении:
1) Predicative (the analytical verb form).
They are working now. I have lost my keys. He was told a story.
2) Attribute
Причастие часто служит определением к существительному, так как оно обладает свойствами прилагательного (отвечает на вопрос какой? ).
The dancing people were everywhere. Students studying a foreign language have to work hard.
The students trained at our faculty study a lot of interesting subjects.
3) Adverbial modifier
Going home, he met a friend. When invited, she took part in the conference. Finished with breakfast, he began to work.
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Ex. 2.
3. Have you read this grammar information?
Infinitive
Voice
Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, которая только называет действие, не указывая на лицо и число. Инфинитив отвечает на вопрос что делать? что сделать?
Например: to buy - покупать. I want to buy a new car. To swim is useful for health.
Functions in a sentence:
Инфинитив в предложении может служить:
1. a subject. To be forewarned is to forearmed.
1. Подлежащим: To work much is difficult. Работать много – тяжело.
To travel is pleasant. Путешествовать – приятно.
2. a part of a compound nominal predicate. The main problem is to get money.
Именной частью сказуемого:
My service was To deliver the goods. Моей обязанностью было Доставить Товары.
Their duty was To pass exams well. Их обязанностью было Сдавать экзамены хорошо.
3. a part of a compound verbal predicate. You can trust us. She began to speak perfect English. They seem to know everything.
Определением:
It is the problem To be solved at once. Вот проблема, которую нужно немедленно Решить.
I was the first To come. Я Пришел первым.
6. an adverbial modifier. He went to England to improve English.
Обстоятельством:
They developed a new model To get profit. Они разработали новую модель, чтобы Получить прибыль.
David went to the office To talk with the director. Дэвид поехал в офис, чтобы Поговорить с директором.
7. as a parenthesis (to begin with, to be frank, to be sure, to tell the truth, to crown it all, to top it all, needless to say, to make a long story short, to be honest). To be frank, I don’t like him at all. To tell the truth, there were times when I felt as if I were being spun in a washing machine.
Gerunds
Voice
Герундий – это неличная глагольная форма, которая обладает как свойствами существительного, так и свойствами глагола. По форме герундий совпадает с причастием I: Reading, Making.
Functions in a sentence:
Герундий может служить в предложении:
1) the subject. No progressing is regressing.
Подлежащим: что?
| Studying foreign languages is her hobby. | Изучение иностранных языков – ее хобби. |
| Making business plans is necessary. | Составление бизнес-планов – необходимо. |
2-3) the predicative. The biggest problem is choosing. The child burst out crying.
2. Именной частью составного сказуемого: (есть) что?
| His favourite occupation is Reading. | Его любимое занятие – это Чтение. |
| The objective of our company is Producing excellent goods. | Главной задачей нашей компании является Производство отличных товаров. |
Определением: какой?
| The thermometer is the device for Measuring temperature. | Термометр – это прибор для Измерения температуры. |
| I had the pleasure of Talking with the President. | Я имел удовольствие Поговорить с Президентом. |
7) the adverbial modifier. Before entering the house, wipe your feet (of time). For fear of looking funny I kept silent (of reason). Why do you speak to people without looking at them? (of manner). In case of being late, let us know (of condition).
Обстоятельством:
| After Writing the Statement the manager talked with the director. | Написав Отчет, менеджер поговорил с директором. |
| The company has increased profit by Producing new type of TV sets. | Компания увеличила прибыль, Производя новые виды телевизоров. |
6. Check yourself, do exercise 4.
Ex. 4. Определите функцию герундия в данных предложениях:
1. She is proud of Running the company.
2. The main task is Satisfying consumers’ needs.
3. Making plans is necessary in every business.
4. He is afraid of Running risks.
5. Printer is an instrument for Typing papers.
6. Our director likes Subscribing scientific journals.
7. We solved the problem by Writing the letter.
8. Arranging meetings is Sally’s duty.
9. They are interested in Registering the company.
10. Rebecca continued Discussing the matter.
11. Cooking is my hobby.
12. He left without saying a word.
Participle I: grammar forms
It has the forms of tense and voice:
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | V-ing | Being V3 |
| Perfect | Having V3 | Having been V3 |
Participles
Voice
1. The indefinite form shows that the action of Participle I is simultaneous with the action of the finite form of the verb (in the present, past or future).
Examples:
I see the students hurrying to the university.
The question being asked by me was very difficult.
2. The perfect form of Participle I shows that the action of Participle I precedes the action of the finite form of the verb (in the present, past or future).
Examples:
Having received an important message he booked the tickets.
Having been examined by a teacher, the student went home.
Infinitive
Voice
| Active | Passive | |
| Indefinite | To write | To be written |
| Continuous | To be writing | - |
| Perfect | To have written | To have been written |
| Perfect Continuous | To have been writing | - |
1. The indefinite form shows that the action of the Infinitive is simultaneous with the action of the finite form of the verb (in the present, past or future).
Examples:
She seems to write only detective stories.
He seems to be writing a novel now.
2. The perfect form shows that the action of the Infinitive precedes the action of the finite form of the verb (in the present, past or future).
Examples:
They seem to have done the work.
They seem to have been doing the work for so long.
Notes. After the modal verbs should, could, ought to, might, to be to, the perfect infinitive is used to show that a desired or planned action was not carried out.
You should have phoned me at once. I ought to have known it.
After the past tense of the verbs hope, intend, expect, the perfect infinitive is used to indicate that the action was not carried out. Compare: I intended to finish the book soon. (may be I did it)
I intended to have finished the book soon. (but I didn’t)
The Gerund: grammar forms
Gerunds
Voice
1. The indefinite form shows that the action of the Gerund is simultaneous with the action of the finite form of the verb (in the present, past or future).
Examples:
Excuse me for giving you so much trouble.
There is a possibility of his being appointed the monitor of the group.
2. The perfect form shows that the action of the Gerund precedes the action of the finite form of the verb (in the present, past or future).
Examples:
Excuse me for having given you so much trouble.
I remember of his having been appointed the monitor of the group.
Notes. In modern English the perfect gerund is avoided after:
a) the conjunctions on\upon, before, after. After graduating from the University my brother started working.
b) the verbs: to forget, to remember, to thank, to deny, to regret. I don’t remember ever seeing him.
In Modern English we can find examples when the Gerund in the active form is passive in meaning. Such constructions are the survivals of the time when one and the same form was used with both active and passive meanings.
The Gerund is used in the active form (with passive meaning) after the verbs to want, to require, to need, to deserve, and after the adjective worth.
The grass needs cutting. The camera wants adjusting. The child deserves praising. The film is worth seeing.
Have you read this grammar information?
Participles.
There are two Participles in English:
Participle I (the Present participle) and Participle II (the Past Participle).
Participles
Voice
Participle I – a non-finite form of a verb which has the characteristic features of a verb and of an adjective.
It describes what somebody or something is and answers the question What kind?
Read – reading (читающий), run – running (бегущий).
Participle I – Причастие I или Present Participle образуется путем прибавления окончания –Ing к глаголу в форме инфинитива. To buy – buy ing; покупать – покупающий.
I delivered the goods Produced in this company. Я доставил товары, Произведенные в этой компании.
The Signed documents are on the desk. Подписанные Документы находятся на письменном столе.
Так как причастие также может обладать свойствами наречия, в предложении оно может быть обстоятельством, отвечать на вопрос Что делая?
We were talking long Discussing future plans. Мы долго разговаривали, Обсуждая планы на будущее.
He was preparing for the exam Typing Texts on the computer. Он готовился к экзамену, Печатая тексты на компьютере.
Participle II - a non-finite form of a verb which has the characteristic features of a verb and of an adjective. It usually corresponds to the passive Russian participle like: done – сделанный, thrown – выброшенный. It has a passive meaning. Что сделанный?
Participle I I – Past Participle – Причастие прошедшего времени или Причастие II:
Write – Written (писать - написанный). The Written Letter will be posted tomorrow.
Closed curtains, finished work, expressed by, discussed by, etc.
Functions in a sentence:
Функции причастия в предложении:
1) Predicative (the analytical verb form).
They are working now. I have lost my keys. He was told a story.
2) Attribute
Причастие часто служит определением к существительному, так как оно обладает свойствами прилагательного (отвечает на вопрос какой? ).
The dancing people were everywhere. Students studying a foreign language have to work hard.
The students trained at our faculty study a lot of interesting subjects.
3) Adverbial modifier
Going home, he met a friend. When invited, she took part in the conference. Finished with breakfast, he began to work.
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