Participle I: grammar forms ⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 3 из 3 It has the forms of tense and voice:      Active Passive Indefinite V-ing Being V3 Perfect Having V3 Having been V3   Participles	Voice
Active	Passive
Participle I Perfect Participle	planning having planned	being planned having been planned

 

1. The indefinite form shows that the action of Participle I is simultaneous with the action of the finite form of the verb (in the present, past or future).

Examples:

I see the students hurrying to the university.

The question being asked by me was very difficult.

2. The perfect form of Participle I shows that the action of Participle I precedes the action of the finite form of the verb (in the present, past or future).

Examples:

Having received an important message he booked the tickets.

Having been examined by a teacher, the student went home.

The infinitive can be indefinite, perfect, continuous, active and passive

Infinitive

Voice

Active Passive Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive Perfect Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive to plan to be planning to have planned to have been planning to be planned - to have been planned -

 

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	To write	To be written
Continuous	To be writing	-
Perfect	To have written	To have been written
Perfect Continuous	To have been writing	-

1. The indefinite form shows that the action of the Infinitive is simultaneous with the action of the finite form of the verb (in the present, past or future).

Examples:

She seems to write only detective stories.

He seems to be writing a novel now.

2. The perfect form shows that the action of the Infinitive precedes the action of the finite form of the verb (in the present, past or future).

Examples:

They seem to have done the work.

They seem to have been doing the work for so long.

Notes. After the modal verbs should, could, ought to, might, to be to, the perfect infinitive is used to show that a desired or planned action was not carried out.

You should have phoned me at once. I ought to have known it.

After the past tense of the verbs hope, intend, expect, the perfect infinitive is used to indicate that the action was not carried out. Compare: I intended to finish the book soon. (may be I did it)

I intended to have finished the book soon. (but I didn’t)

 

The Gerund: grammar forms

 

Gerunds

Voice

Active Passive Indefinite Gerund Perfect Gerund planning having planned being planned having been planned

 

1. The indefinite form shows that the action of the Gerund is simultaneous with the action of the finite form of the verb (in the present, past or future).

Examples:

Excuse me for giving you so much trouble.

There is a possibility of his being appointed the monitor of the group.

 

2. The perfect form shows that the action of the Gerund precedes the action of the finite form of the verb (in the present, past or future).

Examples:

Excuse me for having given you so much trouble.

I remember of his having been appointed the monitor of the group.

 

Notes. In modern English the perfect gerund is avoided after:

a) the conjunctions on\upon, before, after. After graduating from the University my brother started working.

b) the verbs: to forget, to remember, to thank, to deny, to regret. I don’t remember ever seeing him.

In Modern English we can find examples when the Gerund in the active form is passive in meaning. Such constructions are the survivals of the time when one and the same form was used with both active and passive meanings.

The Gerund is used in the active form (with passive meaning) after the verbs to want, to require, to need, to deserve, and after the adjective worth.

The grass needs cutting. The camera wants adjusting. The child deserves praising. The film is worth seeing.

 

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