The Forms of the Infinitive
The Forms of the Infinitive
The Infinitive is a non-finite form of the verb like the Gerund and the Participle. It has tense, voice and aspect forms, can take direct object, but cannot express person, number or mood. The forms of the Infinitive are generally used to form Infinitive constructions.
|
|
Active
|
Passive
|
Notes
|
|
Indefinite
|
to write
to run
|
to be written
to be run
| The Indefinite forms of the Infinitive show that the action is at the same time or after that of the predicate.
|
|
Perfect
|
to have written
to have run
|
to have been written
to have been run
|
The Perfect forms of the Infinitive show that the action took place before that of the predicate.
|
|
Continuous
|
to be writing
to be running
|
to be being written
to be being run
|
The Continuous forms of the Infinitive show that the action is temporary and not the usual one.
|
|
Perfect Continuous
|
to have been writing
to have been
running
|
–
|
Perfect Continuous of the Infinitive shows that an action lasted a certain time before the action expressed by the finite verb.
|
1. Choose the sentences where the forms of the Infinitive denote:
1) an action simultaneous with or posterior to the action expressed by the finite verb,
2) an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb,
3) an action that lasted a certain time before the action expressed by the finite verb,
4) the temporary action and not the usual one.
1. It is very kind of you to have done it for us.
2. I asked Jane to cut sandwiches for all of us.
3. Here’s the saucepan to boil water in.
4. I’ve got a list of foodstuffs to be bought before Charles comes.
5. Granny seems to have been cooking since father left.
6. She is said to have been taken to hospital.
7. He was told to help his younger sister and unbutton her coat.
8. He smokes a lot and is sure to be ruining his health.
10. I know him to have been an outstanding politician.
11. We believe our manager to be having a talk with our English partners.
12. Your proposal is certain to be accepted.
13. The green blouse doesn’t seem to fit you.
14. The group is known to be arriving tomorrow.
15. They seem to have been chatting all day long.
16. She happened to be passing by the chemist’s when she saw her husband.
17. We know Ed to have been saving money since last year to buy a new car.
The use of the Infinitive with particle – “to”= full V
In modern English the Infinitive is chiefly used with the particle “to” – the formal sign of the Infinitive.
| Use
| Examples
|
| 1. С модальными глаголами в значении долженствования:
a) с глаголом to be to – предварительная договоренность, план;
b) с глаголом to have to – приходится, нужно;
c) с глаголом ought to – следует (моральный долг);
d) с глаголом need – когда он исполь-зуется как обычный смысловой глагол.
| 1. With the modal verbs in the meaning of obligation:
a) The train is to arrive at 5.
Поезд должен прийти в 5.
b) I have to be at home by 10 every night.
Я должен (мне приходится) каждый вечер приходить домой к 10 часам (моя мама настаивает на этом).
c) You ought to return things, which you borrow.
Следует возвращать вещи, которые берешь в долг.
d) Do I need to do the washing up?
Мне надо помыть посуду?
|
| 2. В оборотах и выражениях, обозначающих прошлую привычку;
used to + Infinitive ( бывало раньше );
| 2. In the turn-phrase – used toV – which denotes the past habit.
He often used to play tennis.
Он раньше часто играл в теннис.
|
| 3. После выражений типа:
a) It is high time for smb + to V
b) He was the first (last, next) + to V
c) He is hard (easy, difficult, etc.) + to V
| 3. After the expressions of the kind:
a) It’s high time for you to go to bed.
Тебе пора спать.
b) He was the firstto come.
Он был первым, кто пришёл.
c) He was easy to please.
Ему легко угодить.
|
| 4. после союзных местоимений What, When, Who, How, ets.
| 4. After conjunctive pronouns
I don’t know what to do.
Я не знаю, что делать.
|
| 5. В конструкции “Сложное дополнение с инфинитивом” после глаголов:
to want, to wish, to like, to hate, to think, to expect, to believe, to suppose, to know, to understand, toconsider, etc.
| 5. In the “Complex Object Infinitive Construction.”
a) I wantyou to come in time.
Я хочу, чтобыты приходил (пришел) вовремя.
b) He expects her to pass her exams.
Он рассчитывает, что она сдаст экзамен.
|
| 6. В конструкции “Сложное подлежащее с инфинитивом” после глаголов:
seem, appear, prove, turn out, happen, to be likely, to be sure – in the active voice; to hear, to see, to think, to know, to expect, to believe, to suppose, to consider, to say, to report, to tell – in the passive voice.
| 6. In the “Complex Subject Infinitive Construction” after the verbs:
a) She seems to have passed an exam.
Кажется, что она сдала экзамен.
b) They are likely to come.
Они наверняка придут.
c) Hewas heardto be playing the guitar.
Было слышно, как он играет на гитаре.
d) He is said to have become an actor.
Говорят, что он стал актером.
|
The use of the Infinitive without particle – “to”= bare (split)V
| Use
| Examples
|
| 1. Традиция; would + Infinitive (bare V)
| 1. I would get up early, when I was a child.
В детстве я, бывало, вставал рано.
|
| 2. После модальных глаголов; Must
Can
May
Might
Should
Need
| 2. After the modal verbs:
a) You must fasten your safety bell on the plane.
В самолете вы должны пристегивать ремень безопасности.
b) You should go and see the “Swan Lake.”
Вам следует посмотреть “Лебединое
озеро”.
c) Need I do the washing up?
Мне нужно помыть посуду?
|
| 3. Совет: Had better + Infinitive (bare V)
| 3. Advice: Had better + (split) Infinitive
You’d (had) better hurry up if you want to go home before dark.
Вам лучше поспешить, если вы хотите добраться домой до темноты.
|
|
4. Предпочтение: Would rather + Infinitive ( bare V ) = “Я бы предпочёл(ла)…”
|
4. Preference: Would rather + (split) Infinitive
I’d (would) rather stay at home.
Я бы лучше остался (останусь) дома.
|
| 5. Выражение: Why not + infinitive (split V)? = “почему бы не” –используется, чтобы внести предложение или дать совет.
| 5. Interrogative set-expression:
Why not + V?
Why not go there?
Почему бы не пойти туда?
|
| 6. Выражение: Why + infinitive ( bare V )? –“Зачем”– используется в вопросах.
| 6. Interrogative set-expression: Why +V?
Why pay more at other shops?
Зачем платить больше в других магазинах?
|
| 7. В конструкции “Сложное дополнение с инфинитивом ”
а) после глаголов to let, to make,
to have – в значении “заставлять, позволять”
b) после глаголов: to see, to hear, to watch, to notice, to feel, etc.
| 7. In the “Objective-with- the (bare) Infinitive Construction”
a) Let me go.
Позвольте мне уйти.
Mother made him drink milk.
Мама заставила его выпить молоко.
b) I saw her come.
Я видел, как она вошла.
|
2. Fill in gaps with the appropriate form of the Infinitive – “to V” or “V”
1. I want you (to go /go) there.
2. Please let me (to go / go) by myself.
3. I must (to go / go) now.
5. Can you (to help me? / help me? )
6. Why not (take a holiday (to take a holiday) for a few days?
7. I’d rather not (to take / take) an exam in English.
8. Ann made me (to play / play) hide-and-seek with her.
9. You’d better (to hurry / hurry).
10. Let him (to call / call) me.
11. Would you rather (to go / go) home or (stay / to stay) here?
12. He used (to take / take) a bus to school but now he’d rather (walk /to walk).
3. Do the same. Fill in gaps with the appropriate form of the Infinitive – “to V” or –“V”
1. I like … play the guitar. 2. My brother can … speak French. 3. We had … put on our overcoats because it was cold. 4. They wanted... cross the river. 5. It is high time for you... go to bed. 6. May I... use your telephone? 7. They heard the girl… cry out with joy. 8. I would rather... stay at home today. 9. He did not want... play in the yard any more. 10. Would you like…go to England? 11. You look tired. You had better... go home. 12. I wanted... speak to Nick, but could not... find his telephone number. 13. It is time... get up. 14. Let me... help you with your homework. 15. I was planning... do a lot of things yesterday. 16. I’d like ... speak to you. 17. I think I shall be able… solve this problem. 18. What makes you... think you are right? 19. I shall do all I can... help you. 20. I like …dance. 21. I’d like ... dance. 22. She made me... repeat my words several times. 23. I saw him... enter the room. 24. She did not let her mother... go away. 25. Do you like... listen to good music? 26. Would you like… listen to good music? 27. That funny scene made me... laugh.
The structure
The types of fixing
| The fixing can be expressed:
|
|
1. by the verbs of saying in the Passive voice;
|
1. He to have been sent to New York.
Говорят, что его послали в Нью-Йорк.
|
|
2. pairs of synonyms – to seem/ to appear (казаться, по-видимому), to turn out/to prove (оказываться), to happen/ to chance (случаться) – which are used in the active voice.
|
2. He to be a nice man
Он казался милым человеком.
|
|
3. by some modal phrases of the kind of – to be likely, to be unlikely, to be certain, to be sure, to be uncertain, which denote the actions, referring to the future.
|
3. Dinny to come today.
Вероятно, Динни сегодня придет.
|
|
4. by the verbs of sense perception – to see, to hear, which are used as the fixings in the Complex Subject only in the passive voice in the meaning of (видели, слышали).
|
4. The priest to enter the church.
Видели, как священник вошел в церковь.
|
|
5. by the verbs of mental activity – to think, to know, to expect, to believe, to suppose, to consider, etc.
|
5. He to have been a talented writer.
Известно, что он был талантливым писателем.
|
Make it English.
1. Видели, как она писала письмо. 2. Думали, что это она пишет эти письма. 3. Предполагали, что она написала это письмо. 4. Наверняка, она и сейчас пишет письмо. 5. Конечно, она написала это письмо. 6. Вряд ли она пишет эти письма. 7. Вряд ли она написала письмо. 8. Конечно, письмо уже написано. 9. Конечно, она его уже написала. 10. Оказалось, что она написала стихотворение. 11. Случайно она написала хорошее стихотворение.
Translate it into English.
A ) 1. Он, кажется, сердится на меня. 2. Он, кажется, болен. 3. Он, кажется, болел. 4. Они, по-видимому, пользовались этим словарем. 5. Он, кажется, знает ее хорошо. 6. Они, по-видимому, очень хорошо поняли это правило. 7. Кажется, все студенты читали эту статью. 8. Она, кажется, знает три иностранных языка. 9. Кажется, эта статья была опубликована в “Times ” на прошлой неделе. 10. Он, по-видимому, удовлетворен результатом своей работы. 11. Он, кажется, уехал на юг.
B ) 1. Говорят, что он в Москве. 2. Ожидают, что договор (treaty, agreement; contract) будет подписан на этой неделе. 3. Сообщают, что экспедиция выехала (to depart, to leave) 15 мая. 4. Известно, что он придерживается другого мнения (to be of the opinion) по этому вопросу. 5. Считают, что он один из лучших летчиков нашей страны. 6. Говорят, что этот дом был построен около двухсот лет тому назад. 7. Он, кажется, знает этот предмет очень хорошо. 8. Он, по-видимому, очень много читал по этому вопросу (on the subject). 9. Эта книга, по-видимому, очень интересная.
C ) 1. Эта книга, по-видимому, была переведена очень опытным переводчиком. 2. Коробка, кажется, пустая. 3. Этот вопрос, по-видимому, представляет для них большой интерес (to be of interest (of). 4. Казалось, что он доволен нашей работой. 5. Все, казалось, были удивлены, когда услышали это. 6. Дмитрий, кажется, сидит (to work) в читальном зале. 7. Он, кажется, ждет вас внизу. 8. Он оказался очень хорошим спортсменом. 9. Они оказались очень опытными преподавателями. 10. Эта задача оказалась очень трудной. 11. Я случайно встретил его в Сочи. 12. Я случайно слышал, как он спросил ее об этом.
Choose the right variant.
1. The rain seems ______. Call the children in. I don’t want them______.
a) to be, to be got wet through
b) to be starting, to get wet through
c) to have started, to have got wet through
d) to have been started, to be getting wet through
2. He is sure ______ a liar. Everybody heard him ______ that in so many words.
a) to be, to say
b) be, say
c) to be, say
d) be, to say
3. Jack, you seem ______too fast. The speed is already 100 miles. I am afraid. I want you ______the speed till 40 miles.
a) to have driven, slow down
b) to drive, to slow down
c) to be driving, to be slowing down
d) to be driving, to slow down
The Forms of the Infinitive
The Infinitive is a non-finite form of the verb like the Gerund and the Participle. It has tense, voice and aspect forms, can take direct object, but cannot express person, number or mood. The forms of the Infinitive are generally used to form Infinitive constructions.
|
|
Active
|
Passive
|
Notes
|
|
Indefinite
|
to write
to run
|
to be written
to be run
| The Indefinite forms of the Infinitive show that the action is at the same time or after that of the predicate.
|
|
Perfect
|
to have written
to have run
|
to have been written
to have been run
|
The Perfect forms of the Infinitive show that the action took place before that of the predicate.
|
|
Continuous
|
to be writing
to be running
|
to be being written
to be being run
|
The Continuous forms of the Infinitive show that the action is temporary and not the usual one.
|
|
Perfect Continuous
|
to have been writing
to have been
running
|
–
|
Perfect Continuous of the Infinitive shows that an action lasted a certain time before the action expressed by the finite verb.
|
1. Choose the sentences where the forms of the Infinitive denote:
1) an action simultaneous with or posterior to the action expressed by the finite verb,
2) an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb,
3) an action that lasted a certain time before the action expressed by the finite verb,
4) the temporary action and not the usual one.
1. It is very kind of you to have done it for us.
2. I asked Jane to cut sandwiches for all of us.
3. Here’s the saucepan to boil water in.
4. I’ve got a list of foodstuffs to be bought before Charles comes.
5. Granny seems to have been cooking since father left.
6. She is said to have been taken to hospital.
7. He was told to help his younger sister and unbutton her coat.
8. He smokes a lot and is sure to be ruining his health.
10. I know him to have been an outstanding politician.
11. We believe our manager to be having a talk with our English partners.
12. Your proposal is certain to be accepted.
13. The green blouse doesn’t seem to fit you.
14. The group is known to be arriving tomorrow.
15. They seem to have been chatting all day long.
16. She happened to be passing by the chemist’s when she saw her husband.
17. We know Ed to have been saving money since last year to buy a new car.
The use of the Infinitive with particle – “to”= full V
In modern English the Infinitive is chiefly used with the particle “to” – the formal sign of the Infinitive.
| Use
| Examples
|
| 1. С модальными глаголами в значении долженствования:
a) с глаголом to be to – предварительная договоренность, план;
b) с глаголом to have to – приходится, нужно;
c) с глаголом ought to – следует (моральный долг);
d) с глаголом need – когда он исполь-зуется как обычный смысловой глагол.
| 1. With the modal verbs in the meaning of obligation:
a) The train is to arrive at 5.
Поезд должен прийти в 5.
b) I have to be at home by 10 every night.
Я должен (мне приходится) каждый вечер приходить домой к 10 часам (моя мама настаивает на этом).
c) You ought to return things, which you borrow.
Следует возвращать вещи, которые берешь в долг.
d) Do I need to do the washing up?
Мне надо помыть посуду?
|
| 2. В оборотах и выражениях, обозначающих прошлую привычку;
used to + Infinitive ( бывало раньше );
| 2. In the turn-phrase – used toV – which denotes the past habit.
He often used to play tennis.
Он раньше часто играл в теннис.
|
| 3. После выражений типа:
a) It is high time for smb + to V
b) He was the first (last, next) + to V
c) He is hard (easy, difficult, etc.) + to V
| 3. After the expressions of the kind:
a) It’s high time for you to go to bed.
Тебе пора спать.
b) He was the firstto come.
Он был первым, кто пришёл.
c) He was easy to please.
Ему легко угодить.
|
| 4. после союзных местоимений What, When, Who, How, ets.
| 4. After conjunctive pronouns
I don’t know what to do.
Я не знаю, что делать.
|
| 5. В конструкции “Сложное дополнение с инфинитивом” после глаголов:
to want, to wish, to like, to hate, to think, to expect, to believe, to suppose, to know, to understand, toconsider, etc.
| 5. In the “Complex Object Infinitive Construction.”
a) I wantyou to come in time.
Я хочу, чтобыты приходил (пришел) вовремя.
b) He expects her to pass her exams.
Он рассчитывает, что она сдаст экзамен.
|
| 6. В конструкции “Сложное подлежащее с инфинитивом” после глаголов:
seem, appear, prove, turn out, happen, to be likely, to be sure – in the active voice; to hear, to see, to think, to know, to expect, to believe, to suppose, to consider, to say, to report, to tell – in the passive voice.
| 6. In the “Complex Subject Infinitive Construction” after the verbs:
a) She seems to have passed an exam.
Кажется, что она сдала экзамен.
b) They are likely to come.
Они наверняка придут.
c) Hewas heardto be playing the guitar.
Было слышно, как он играет на гитаре.
d) He is said to have become an actor.
Говорят, что он стал актером.
|
The use of the Infinitive without particle – “to”= bare (split)V
| Use
| Examples
|
| 1. Традиция; would + Infinitive (bare V)
| 1. I would get up early, when I was a child.
В детстве я, бывало, вставал рано.
|
| 2. После модальных глаголов; Must
Can
May
Might
Should
Need
| 2. After the modal verbs:
a) You must fasten your safety bell on the plane.
В самолете вы должны пристегивать ремень безопасности.
b) You should go and see the “Swan Lake.”
Вам следует посмотреть “Лебединое
озеро”.
c) Need I do the washing up?
Мне нужно помыть посуду?
|
| 3. Совет: Had better + Infinitive (bare V)
| 3. Advice: Had better + (split) Infinitive
You’d (had) better hurry up if you want to go home before dark.
Вам лучше поспешить, если вы хотите добраться домой до темноты.
|
|
4. Предпочтение: Would rather + Infinitive ( bare V ) = “Я бы предпочёл(ла)…”
|
4. Preference: Would rather + (split) Infinitive
I’d (would) rather stay at home.
Я бы лучше остался (останусь) дома.
|
| 5. Выражение: Why not + infinitive (split V)? = “почему бы не” –используется, чтобы внести предложение или дать совет.
| 5. Interrogative set-expression:
Why not + V?
Why not go there?
Почему бы не пойти туда?
|
| 6. Выражение: Why + infinitive ( bare V )? –“Зачем”– используется в вопросах.
| 6. Interrogative set-expression: Why +V?
Why pay more at other shops?
Зачем платить больше в других магазинах?
|
| 7. В конструкции “Сложное дополнение с инфинитивом ”
а) после глаголов to let, to make,
to have – в значении “заставлять, позволять”
b) после глаголов: to see, to hear, to watch, to notice, to feel, etc.
| 7. In the “Objective-with- the (bare) Infinitive Construction”
a) Let me go.
Позвольте мне уйти.
Mother made him drink milk.
Мама заставила его выпить молоко.
b) I saw her come.
Я видел, как она вошла.
|
2. Fill in gaps with the appropriate form of the Infinitive – “to V” or “V”
1. I want you (to go /go) there.
2. Please let me (to go / go) by myself.
3. I must (to go / go) now.
5. Can you (to help me? / help me? )
6. Why not (take a holiday (to take a holiday) for a few days?
7. I’d rather not (to take / take) an exam in English.
8. Ann made me (to play / play) hide-and-seek with her.
9. You’d better (to hurry / hurry).
10. Let him (to call / call) me.
11. Would you rather (to go / go) home or (stay / to stay) here?
12. He used (to take / take) a bus to school but now he’d rather (walk /to walk).
3. Do the same. Fill in gaps with the appropriate form of the Infinitive – “to V” or –“V”
1. I like … play the guitar. 2. My brother can … speak French. 3. We had … put on our overcoats because it was cold. 4. They wanted... cross the river. 5. It is high time for you... go to bed. 6. May I... use your telephone? 7. They heard the girl… cry out with joy. 8. I would rather... stay at home today. 9. He did not want... play in the yard any more. 10. Would you like…go to England? 11. You look tired. You had better... go home. 12. I wanted... speak to Nick, but could not... find his telephone number. 13. It is time... get up. 14. Let me... help you with your homework. 15. I was planning... do a lot of things yesterday. 16. I’d like ... speak to you. 17. I think I shall be able… solve this problem. 18. What makes you... think you are right? 19. I shall do all I can... help you. 20. I like …dance. 21. I’d like ... dance. 22. She made me... repeat my words several times. 23. I saw him... enter the room. 24. She did not let her mother... go away. 25. Do you like... listen to good music? 26. Would you like… listen to good music? 27. That funny scene made me... laugh.
