Results and their representation

The author’s investigations/ analyses of these data reveal/ show that…

The findings of this study reveal that…

This study presents evidence to/ lends support to the hypothesis of…

The article reveals many ways in which this algorithm operates.

In general, the results of this research indicate…/ establish a clear pattern.

Seen as a whole, the results obtained suggest that…

Taken together, the results provide support for the model…

                                       are encouraging.

This analysis serves to provide an explanation/ interpretation for…

The author’s explanation is based on the concept of…

 

Conclusion

In conclusion it may be said that…

To conclude, the author has explored…

Finally, the author turns to…/ notes that…

The author’s conclusion focuses on the fact that…

To summarize/ In summary/ To sum up…

The major points covered by this paper can be summarized as follows…

Now we can conclude that…

In general/ On the whole/ Thus, the results gained by the author indicate that…

The author’s theorizing shows that…

The main findings of this study reveal/ show how systematic these phenomena can be.

Prospects and applications

The conclusions of the study reveal that…

The author has succeeded in actually showing that…

The results gained by the author highlight the potential of the technique described.

                                               can be directly applied to the process of…

                                               can enrich scientific knowledge in…

                                                become most significant innovation in P…

                                               bring about improvements in…

                                               can find fruitful application             

                                               can bring economic profits.     

These findings may be of considerable practical value.

 

The technique suggested by the author can be applied directly/ gradually/ partially.

In future it will be possible to use the method/ approach/ technique suggested…

                                        to put theory into practice.

                          

APPENDIX 2

SAMPLE ANNOTATIONS

· Garver, Wayne; Moss, Frank. “Detecting signals with noise”: Garver and Moss describe two experiments demonstrating the utility of noise in bringing out an electronic signal and the possible extraction of data from background noise. The construction of the experiments and the likely results are discussed.

· Davies-Jones, Robert. «Tornadoes»: Although much has been discovered about the behavior and origins of tornadoes, many mysteries still remain about how these violent storms form. Davies-Jones explores the many different forms of tornadoes and the devastation that they can create.

· Jamison, Kay Redfield. “Manic-depressive illness and creativity”: Recent studies have shown a link between creativity and mood disorders such as manic-depressive illness and major depression. The connection is examined, and the cases of Lord Tennyson, Vincent van Gogh and Robert Schumann are highlighted.

· Schattschneider, Doris. «Escher's metaphors»: Although M.C. Escher claimed to know little about mathematics, his drawings reveal a keen instinctive grasp of infinity, symmetry and other mathematical principles. His work is examined.

· McCloskey, Donald. «An economic uncertainty principle”: Economists claim to know the next month's interest rates, yet they are not rich. Their claim is also a claim that others in the market do not know the future of the interest rates. The economic uncertainty principle is examined.

· Newman, Jack. «How breast milk protects newborns”: Some of the molecules and cells in human milk actively help infants stave off infection. The way in which breast milk helps protect newborns from disease is detailed.

· Nemecek, Sasha. “Transforming Hyde into Jekyll”: Recent research in tissue engineering indicates that patients could eventually receive heart valves grown from their own cells. The advantages of engineered valves are detailed.

· Nowak, Martin A.; McMichael, Andrew J. “How HIV defeats the immune system”: Nowak and McMichael propose that HIV replicates prodigiously, enough to cause the severe immune impairment that defines full-blown AIDS. The process by which HIV escapes the control of the immune system, signaling the onset of AIDS, is described.

· Iovine, John. “Genetically altering Escherichia coli”: An experiment in which three types of recombinant plasmids are constructed and then injected into Escherichia coli is described. In this experiment, resistance for ampicillin, for kanamycin and for both ampicillin and kanamycin to the bacterium is studied.

· Ross, Marc; DeCicco, John. “Measuring the energy drain on your car”: A method for measuring the friction that hurts a car's efficiency is explained. Rolling resistance and engine drag can be found by pulling a car with a rope attached to a spring scale.

· Dragovan, Mark. “Making a mirror by spinning a liquid”: Instructions of how to build a telescope mirror by spinning a liquid are offered.

· Hiller, Robert A. et at. “Producing light from a bubble of air”: Instructions for turning sound into light through a process called sonoluminescence are offered. Light can be produced from a bubble of air using an oscilloscope, a sound generator, a home stereo amplifier and about $100 worth of equipment.

· Stewart, Jan. «The never-ending chess game»: A hypothetical chess game that goes on forever without checkmate and without repeating the same sequence of moves three times in a row is presented.

 

APPENDIX 3

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