Unit 3. MAIN BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

Unit 3. MAIN BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

 

Engineering, much like other science, is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with differing areas of engineering work. Although initially an engineer will usually be trained in a specific discipline, throughout an engineer’s career the engineer may become multi-disciplined, having worked in several of the outlined areas. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches:

Chemical engineering — the exploitation of both engineering and chemical principles in order to carry out large scale chemical process.

Civil engineering — the design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (airports, roads, railways, water supply and treatment etc.), bridges, dams, and buildings.

Electrical engineering — a very broad area that may encompass the design and study of various electrical and electronic systems, such as electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications and electronics.

Mechanical engineering — еhe design of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft products, weapon systems, transportation

products engines, compressors, power trains, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, and vibration isolation equipment.

Beyond these four, sources vary on other main branches. Historically, naval engineering

and mining engineering were major branches. Modern fields sometimes included as major branches include aerospace, architectural, biomedical, industrial,

materials science and nuclear engineering.

New specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches. A new or emerging area of application will commonly be defined temporarily

as a permutation or subset of existing disciplines; there is often gray area as to when a given sub-field becomes large and/or prominent enough to warrant classification as a new «branch». One key indicator of such emergence is when major universities start establishing departments and programs in the new field.

For each of these fields there exists considerable overlap, especially in the areas of the application of sciences to their disciplines such as physics, chemistry and mathematics.

Key Words

Broad — широкий

To be broken down — распадаться

To concern — затрагивать Initially — сначала

Throughout — все время Outlined — выделенный, указанный

Exploitation — использование To carry out — выполнять

Works — сооружения Water supply — водоснабжение

To encompass — включать в себя Electrical circuit — электрическая цепь

Optical fiber — оптоволоконные кабели Indicator — показатель

Power train — трансмиссия Equipment — оборудование

To vary on — изменяться Naval — морской

Nuclear — ядерный Emerging — появляющийся

Commonly — обычно Permutation — перестановка

Subset — подмножество To warrant — подтвердить

Power and energy systems — электрические и энергетические системы

Overlap — наслоение

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences with the information from the text

1. A new or emerging area of application …

2. Beyond these four …

3. Mechanical engineering …

4. Electrical engineering …

5. Civil engineering…

6. Chemical engineering …

7. Although initially an engineer will usually be trained in …

8. These disciplines concern …

9. Engineering, much like other science, is a broad discipline which …

Unit 3. MAIN BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

 

Engineering, much like other science, is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with differing areas of engineering work. Although initially an engineer will usually be trained in a specific discipline, throughout an engineer’s career the engineer may become multi-disciplined, having worked in several of the outlined areas. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches:

Chemical engineering — the exploitation of both engineering and chemical principles in order to carry out large scale chemical process.

Civil engineering — the design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (airports, roads, railways, water supply and treatment etc.), bridges, dams, and buildings.

Electrical engineering — a very broad area that may encompass the design and study of various electrical and electronic systems, such as electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications and electronics.

Mechanical engineering — еhe design of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft products, weapon systems, transportation

products engines, compressors, power trains, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, and vibration isolation equipment.

Beyond these four, sources vary on other main branches. Historically, naval engineering

and mining engineering were major branches. Modern fields sometimes included as major branches include aerospace, architectural, biomedical, industrial,

materials science and nuclear engineering.

New specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches. A new or emerging area of application will commonly be defined temporarily

as a permutation or subset of existing disciplines; there is often gray area as to when a given sub-field becomes large and/or prominent enough to warrant classification as a new «branch». One key indicator of such emergence is when major universities start establishing departments and programs in the new field.

For each of these fields there exists considerable overlap, especially in the areas of the application of sciences to their disciplines such as physics, chemistry and mathematics.

Key Words

Broad — широкий

To be broken down — распадаться

To concern — затрагивать Initially — сначала

Throughout — все время Outlined — выделенный, указанный

Exploitation — использование To carry out — выполнять

Works — сооружения Water supply — водоснабжение

To encompass — включать в себя Electrical circuit — электрическая цепь

Optical fiber — оптоволоконные кабели Indicator — показатель

Power train — трансмиссия Equipment — оборудование

To vary on — изменяться Naval — морской

Nuclear — ядерный Emerging — появляющийся

Commonly — обычно Permutation — перестановка

Subset — подмножество To warrant — подтвердить

Power and energy systems — электрические и энергетические системы

Overlap — наслоение

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