Read and translate the text. Make a vocabulary of the text.

In farming practice the majority of calves are born to dairy cows kept for the production of milk for sale. There fore, in order to rear calves it is frequently necessary to» deprive them of their natural feeding and environment and to rear them in some artificial way.

As soon as the calf is removed from its mother, it is important that there is a dry bedding of straw for the calf to lie on and for it to be well away from draughts.

The first milk, or colostrums, produced by the cow after calving has been designed by nature as a food most suited to the needs of the young calf.

If the calf is left with its mother, it will start to suckle almost as soon as it can stand. With calves being removed from their mothers, the first milk must be provided regularly for at least the first 3 or 4 days.

The first 6 months or so in the life of a calf, whether it is ultimately for beef or dairy, is the most important time in the rearing program. Good feeding and management at this stage are the best means of ensuring the calf grow quickly for production and profit.

Here is one example of a method of feeding giving good results with calves from such breeds as the Yorkshire, Friesian and Shorthorn, or cross-bred calves from these breeds. The calves are removed from their dams within 12 hours of birth and fed colostrums from a bucket. After a few days the colostrums is changed to milk, and whole milk feeding is continued until the end of the second week, that is to 14 days of age. During the third week the feed is half milk and half milk substitute mixed with 0.5 gal of warm water and fed twice a day. By about the beginning of the fourth week the change-over to milk substitute will be completed. A little good hay and concentrates should be offered from about 3 weeks of age. The calf born in autumn will get most of its food from good nutritious grazing during the first summer. The calves certainly grow faster with some grain, and are also better able to resist disease and parasitic troubles. Up to about 2 lb (0-9 kg) of a mainly cereal mixture per head per day is quite adequate. At the same time, a mineral supplement can conveniently be added to the concentrates. A clean water supply is most important.

It is very common for a heifer to be bred at the age of about 2 years.

The gestation period of the cow is 280 days. Normally, the cow will calve at 12-monthly intervals.

A liberal diet is given to the cow in calf for the last 6 or 8 weeks before she is to calve. It is best to prepare the cow slowly so that she has time to build up body reserves. High feeding over a short period is not satisfactory. It should last 2 or 3 months as it is during the last 2 to 3 months of pregnancy that the unborn calf makes its most growth. It is well-known that the sire is half of the herd. That is  why, the herd bull must be kept in good breeding condition, especially at the time of service. It is also well-known that the ability to produce milk and butterfat can be transmitted to the offspring through the male as well as through the female.

Summer Feeding. Almost universally, grazing of grassland, whether it is permanent or temporary pastures, is the staple summer food of the dairy cow.  

In early spring grass is of high feeding value, and particu­larly rich in amino acids and proteins. It is laxative and has so little fibre at this time that it becomes necessary to give the cow some fibrous material such as hay or good-quality oat or barley straw. As the summer progresses the grass becomes more mature, more fibre is then available for the proper func­tioning of the rumen.

 Concentrates are usually fed in some small degree to dairy herds in the summer-time. They may be absolutely necessary to supplement poor or inadequate grazing, and they may be necessary in the ration of the cow that is in peak production. In order to avoid waste of grass through trampling and soiling it is now common practice to restrict the amount of grazing by a movable fence: such practices are strip grazing will electric fences or the formation of small paddocks of 0.1 acre each so as to rotate grazing.

Winter Feeding . From time immemorial in winter cattle have been fed on a diet consisting wholly or mainly of hay The practice of providing hay for winter period for all classes of cattle is still very popular. Despite the fact that other kinds of winter forage as kale, cabbage and a variety of kind of silage are being used now, hay is still by far the most commonly used winter fodder.

Correct the sentences.

1. As soon as the calf is removed from its mother, bedding is not of big importance.  

2. If the calf is left with its mother, it will start to suckle almost one month.

3. After a few days of birth the colostrums is changed to hay.

4. Whole milk feeding is continued until the end of the first week that is to 7 days of age.

5. High feeding over a short period is the best.

6. The gestation period of the cow is 180 days.

7. In early spring grass is poor in feeding value and amino acids and proteins.

3. Translate into Russian:

1. Молочных коров держат для получения мяса и молока.

2. Очень важно сразу после рождения теленка позаботиться о его месте пребывания.

3. Если теленка оставляют с коровой, то он будет сосать молоко до тех пор, пока не встанет на ноги.

4. Если теленка отняли от коровы, то его кормят смесью воды и молока 1:1.

5. Кормление весенней травой имеет большое значение, т.к. содержит большое количество минералов и питательных веществ.

6. Корм коров во время зимы состоит в основном из сена.

7. Производство молочных продуктов питания зависит от правильного и полноценного питания крупнорогатого скота.

 

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